Many fields of dentistry are firmly connected to innovative materials, and the highest clinical improvements frequently come with the development and creation of original and high-performing equipment, instruments, and biomaterials [...

Checchi V.

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Vittorio Checchi

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Special Issue on Dental Materials: Latest Advances and Prospects—Volume II

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia

Citation: Checchi, V. Special Issue onDental Materials: Latest Advancesand Prospects—Volume II. Appl. Sci.2023, 13, 10787. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910787Received: 13 September 2023Accepted: 25 September 2023Published: 28 September 2023Copyright: © 2023 by the author.Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This article is an open access articledistributed under the terms andconditions of the Creative CommonsAttribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).applied  sciencesEditorialSpecial Issue on Dental Materials: Latest Advances andProspects—Volume IIVittorio ChecchiDepartment of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia,41125 Modena, Italy; vittorio.checchi@unimore.it; Tel.: +39-0594224763Many fields of dentistry are firmly connected to innovative materials, and the highestclinical improvements frequently come with the development and creation of original andhigh-performing equipment, instruments, and biomaterials. Nowadays, the applicationof these dental materials leads to effective clinical dentistry, with many remarkable ad-vancements. In recent times, many fields of dentistry have used these newly developedmaterials: implantology, prosthesis, restorative dentistry, orthodontics, and endodontics.However, this production often presents a lack of reliable scientific research, and, unfor-tunately, clinicians tend to make use of materials that are not necessarily better than theprevious ones.The aim of this Special Issue is to publish high-quality research articles, clinical studies,and review articles centered on the latest advances regarding dental materials.A total of 15 papers (9 research papers and 6 review papers) are presented in VolumeII of this successful Special Issue.Hadzik et al. evaluated the long-term effectiveness of using the guided-bone-regeneration(GBR) procedure to correct small peri-implant bone dehiscence, using a xenogeneic depro-teinized bovine bone mineral material and a xenogeneic native bilayer collagen membrane.The authors concluded that using xenogeneic bone and a xenogeneic collagen membranein a GBR procedure could be used to correct small peri-implant bone dehiscence [1].Fernandez Castellano et al. focused on maxillary sinus lift procedures performed onanimal models, using a balloon elevation control system technique. The maxillary sinus liftsperformed via this innovative device associated with the balloon technique are minimallyinvasive procedures. The elevations achieved sufficiently allowed the future placement ofimplants of varying lengths and diameters without any risk of perforating the membranes,even in the presence of extremally resorbed bone crests [2].An Italian study group evaluated the influence of manual expertise on static computer-aided implantology (s-CAI) in terms of accuracy and operative timings. After the cone-beam CT scanning of eleven mandibular models, a full-arch rehabilitation was planned,and two different operators performed s-CAI. Finally, the distances between the virtualand actual implant positions were calculated. The mean value of the operative timingswas statistically inferior to that of the expert operator, with an improved accuracy overtime for both operators. The support from digital surgical guides did not eliminate theimportance of manual expertise for the reliability and shortening of the surgical procedure,and it required a learning pathway over time [3].Felice et al. hypothesized that virtual planned guided bone regeneration (GBR), withthe aid of customized meshes, could optimize the treatment of extended alveolar defectsby reducing the risk of dehiscence. The authors concluded that a careful evaluation of thesoft tissues and knowledge of their final relationship with the implant and prosthesis canimprove digital mesh/membrane manufacturing, with a suitable healing process occurringup to implant placement and loading, as well as favoring peri-implant tissue stability overtime [4].Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10787. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910787 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsciAppl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10787 2 of 4A systematic review by Desnica et al. evaluated current in vivo research on regenerat-ing critical-sized mandibular defects and discussed methodologies for mandibular bonetissue engineering. Out of the 3650 articles initially retrieved, 88 studies were included inthe review. Using scaffolds with bioactive molecules and/or progenitor cells enhancedsuccess in mandibular bone engineering. Therefore, scaffold-based mandibular bone tissueengineering could be introduced into clinical practice due to its proven safety, convenience,and cost-effectiveness [5].A narrative review by Selahi et al. aimed to review the literature on using autologousblood preparations, which can aid regenerative processes when applied to extractionsockets. The authors stated that, unfortunately, there is a lack of studies in the currentliterature comparing the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a patient’s peripheralblood to their levels after centrifugation in blood concentrates. Therefore, more studies areneeded to clarify the correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and alveolarhealing after extraction and assess the risk of treatment with blood concentrates in patientswith systemic diseases causing chronic inflammation [6].A retrospective study by Mummolo et al. aimed to evaluate a possible correlationbetween the characteristics of the mandibular ramus and lower third molar impaction bycomparing a first group of subjects to an impacted lower third molar and a second groupto normal eruption for an early prediction of this pathology. This comparison was madeusing linear and angular measurement, taken via digital panoramic radiographs. Thismanuscript showed that the angle of a lower third molar, in relation to mandibular pain,can be an index to predict tooth inclusion [7].A narrative review performed by a Mexican study group summarized the characteris-tics of dental stem cell (DT-MSCs)-derived biomaterials and their classification according totheir source, bioactivity, and different biological effects on the expansion and differentiationof DT-MSCs. Also, the advances in research into the interactions between these biomateri-als and the molecular components involved (mechanosensors and mechanotransduction)in DT-MSCs during their proliferation and differentiation were analyzed. The authorsconcluded that these kinds of biomaterials can contribute to research into regenerativemedicine and the development of autologous stem cell therapies [8].Recently, digital dentistry began to play a crucial role in many dental disciplines,especially the orthodontic field.Regarding digital dentistry, Shopova et al. aimed to demonstrate and compare thecapabilities of two different digital approaches (intraoral scanning and digital examinationof occlusion) in the final analysis of occlusion after orthodontic treatment. The authorsfound that there is a good collaboration between intraoral scanning and digital occlusiondetermination, since the digital occlusion imaging system provides comprehensive resultsand allows the analysis and treatment of occlusal dysfunctions. It can provide informationon the first contact, strength of the contacts, contact distribution on each tooth, sequenceof contacts, maximum bite force and maximum intercuspation, path of the lower jawmovement, and occlusion and disocclusion times, as well as record videos with the activesequences and distributions of the contacts [9].Bucur et al. published a manuscript with the aim of determining the intensity of painperception in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, analyzing the severity ofpain during four routine procedures (placement of separating elastics, ring cementations,arch activations, and elastic tractions). Patients suffered differently from the intensity ofperceived pain as they grow older; most of them showed moderate pain after followingthe studied orthodontic interventions and required analgesic medication. The least painfulprocedure was the elastic traction procedure, while the most painful period was the first3–4 days after procedures [10].The original article by Cameriere et al., conducted on a sample of 538 cephalogramsderived from healthy-living children aged between 5 and 15 years old, proposed a statisticalmodel to assess pubertal growth spurt using the ratio of the anterior height projectionto the posterior (Vba) of the fourth cervical vertebra body (C4), as well as calculate theAppl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10787 3 of 4residual proportion of skeletal maturation and the time for the pubertal growth spurt toend for a given Vba. The validation process results showed that the proposed model didnot produce any incorrect forecasts. Therefore, this proposed method could estimate thebeginning and end of the pubertal growth spurt, together with the residual proportion ofskeletal maturation for a given Vba [11].An in vitro case study, Jakubowicz et al. discussed the multiscale analysis of thereproduction accuracy of jaw geometry obtained using selected orthodontic materials. Anaccuracy assessment of the model geometry mapping was performed using noncontactsystems, including a fringe projection optical 3D scanner, computed tomography, and afocus-variation microscope. Measurements were taken in three modes for comparison, aswere the silicone and polyether impression materials. Data analysis showed that deviationswere the smallest in the case of silicone and the best fit occurred between the siliconeimpression and the plaster model. The conducted research confirmed the validity of theassumptions considering the use of multiscale analysis for geometric analysis [12].To achieve proper esthetics is one of the main challenges associated with using moderndental materials, both in prosthesis and restorative dentistry.Porojan et al. analyzed the finishing and thermocycling of five resin matrix CAD/CAMceramic surfaces (a polymer-infiltrated ceramic and four types of nanoparticle-filled resins)to assess their consequences for optical properties. Surface microroughness and opticaland hardness evaluations were achieved before and after artificial aging. The authorsdemonstrated that the optical characteristics of resin matrix ceramics were not significantlymodified by thermocycling and thermocycling significantly decreased the microhardness,especially for glazed samples [13].Unosson et al. described a material made of novel amorphous calcium magnesiumfluoride phosphate (ACMFP) core-shell microparticles that may be applied in preventivedentistry for the prevention of caries and the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. The rem-ineralization and dentin tubule occlusion potential of these particles were evaluated in vitrousing acid-etched dentin specimens, and treatment with the ACMFP particles resulted incomplete tubule occlusion and dense mineralization layer formation. A cross-sectionalevaluation of dentin specimens after treatment formed high aspect ratio fluorapatite crys-tals and poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite. Therefore, these studied particles provided asingle source of readily available calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions for the potentialremineralization of carious lesions, as well as exposing dentin tubules to enable a reductionin hypersensitivity [14].Finally, this Special Issue also involved research dealing with endodontic materials.A systematic review by Ferreira et al. aimed to assess the effects of non-thermal plasmatreatments on root canal sealers’ adhesion to dentin. While there was no consensus aboutthe effect of non-thermal plasma (NTP) on the AH Plus sealer’s adhesion to radicular dentin,NTP seemed to positively influence the adhesion ability of BioRoot RCS and EndosequenceBC. However, the authors recommended cautiously interpreting these findings due to thescarcity of studies on the topic [15].Although submissions for this Special Issue have been closed, more in-depth researchin the field is being collected for inclusion in a new Special Issue: Dental Materials: LatestAdvances and Prospects—Volume III.Funding: This research received no external funding.Acknowledgments: I give thanks to all of the authors and peer reviewers for their valuable contribu-tions to this Special Issue ‘Dental Materials: Latest Advances and Prospects—Volume II’. I wouldalso like to express my gratitude to all of the staff and people involved in this Special Issue.Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.References1. Hadzik, J.; Błaszczyszyn, A.; Gedrange, T.; Dominiak, M. Effect of the Lateral Bone Augmentation Procedure in CorrectingPeri-Implant Bone Dehiscence Defects: A 7-Years Retrospective Study. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 2324. [CrossRef]Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10787 4 of 42. Fernández Castellano, E.R.; Marquez Sanchez, M.T.; Flores Fraile, J. Study of Elevation Forces and Resilience of the SchneiderianMembrane Using a New Balloon Device in Maxillary Sinus Elevations on Pig Head Cadavers. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 4406. [CrossRef]3. Pellegrino, G.; Lizio, G.; D’Errico, F.; Ferri, A.; Mazzoni, A.; Del Bianco, F.; Stefanelli, L.V.; Felice, P. Relevance of the Operator’sExperience in Conditioning the Static Computer-Assisted Implantology: A Comparative In Vitro Study with Three DifferentEvaluation Methods. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 9561. [CrossRef]4. Felice, P.; Lizio, G.; Barausse, C.; Roccoli, L.; Bonifazi, L.; Pistilli, R.; Simion, M.; Pellegrino, G. Reverse Guided Bone Regeneration(R-GBR) Digital Workflow for Atrophic Jaws Rehabilitation. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 9947. [CrossRef]5. Desnica, J.; Vujovic, S.; Stanisic, D.; Ognjanovic, I.; Jovicic, B.; Stevanovic, M.; Rosic, G. Preclinical Evaluation of Bioactive Scaffoldsfor the Treatment of Mandibular Critical-Sized Bone Defects: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 4668. [CrossRef]6. Selahi, D.; Spiegel, M.; Hadzik, J.; Pitułaj, A.; Michalak, F.; Kubasiewicz-Ross, P.; Dominiak, M. The Appliance of A-PRF and CGFin the Treatment of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Extraction Sockets—Narrative Review. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 165. [CrossRef]7. Mummolo, S.; Gallusi, G.; Strappa, E.M.; Grilli, F.; Mattei, A.; Fiasca, F.; Bambini, F.; Memè, L. Prediction of Mandibular ThirdMolar Impaction Using Linear and Angular Measurements in Young Adult Orthopantomograms. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 4637.[CrossRef]8. Aguilar-Ayala, F.J.; Aguilar-Pérez, F.J.; Nic-Can, G.I.; Rojas-Herrera, R.; Chuc-Gamboa, G.; Aguilar-Pérez, D.; Rodas-Junco, B.A. AMolecular View on Biomaterials and Dental Stem Cells Interactions: Literature Review. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 5815. [CrossRef]9. Shopova, D.; Bakova, D.; Yordanova, S.; Yordanova, M.; Uzunov, T. Digital Occlusion Analysis after Orthodontic Treatment:Capabilities of the Intraoral Scanner and T-Scan Novus System. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 4335. [CrossRef]10. Olteanu, C.D.; Bucur, S.-M.; Chibelean, M.; Bud, E.S.; Păcurar, M.; Fes, tilă, D.G. Pain Perception during Orthodontic Treatmentwith Fixed Appliances. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6389. [CrossRef]11. Cameriere, R.; Velandia Palacio, L.A.; Nakaš, E.; Galić, I.; Brkić, H.; Kalibović Govorko, D.; Jerković, D.; Jara, L.; Ferrante, L. TheFourth Cervical Vertebra Anterior and Posterior Body Height Projections (Vba) for the Assessment of Pubertal Growth Spurt.Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 1819. [CrossRef]12. Jakubowicz, M.; Gapiński, B.; Marciniak-Podsadna, L.; Mendak, M.; Mietliński, P.; Wieczorowski, M. Multiscale Evaluation ofJaw Geometry Reproduction Obtained Via the Use of Selected Orthodontic Materials in Dental Implants and Orthodontics—InVitro Case Study. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 6932. [CrossRef]13. Porojan, L.; Toma, F.R.; Ut,u, I.-D.; Vasiliu, R.D. Optical Behavior and Surface Analysis of Dental Resin Matrix Ceramics Related toThermocycling and Finishing. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 4346. [CrossRef]14. Unosson, E.; Feldt, D.; Xia, W.; Engqvist, H. Amorphous Calcium Magnesium Fluoride Phosphate—Novel Material for Mineral-ization in Preventive Dentistry. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 6298. [CrossRef]15. Ferreira, I.; Lopes, C.; Ferreira, A.; Vaz, F.; Pina-Vaz, I.; Martín-Biedma, B. Effect of Plasma Treatment on Root Canal Sealers’Adhesion to Intraradicular Dentin—A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 8655. [CrossRef]Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individualauthor(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury topeople or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

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Special Issue on Dental Materials: Latest Advances and Prospects—Volume II

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