Canoy D

Lin G-M

English

PubMed

Newcastle University E-Prints

TYPE EditorialPUBLISHED 11 November 2022DOI 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1069629OPEN ACCESSEDITED AND REVIEWED BYHarry H. X. Wang,Sun Yat-sen University, China*CORRESPONDENCEGen-Min Linfarmer507@yahoo.com.twSPECIALTY SECTIONThis article was submitted toCardiovascular Epidemiology andPrevention,a section of the journalFrontiers in Cardiovascular MedicineRECEIVED 14 October 2022ACCEPTED 31 October 2022PUBLISHED 11 November 2022CITATIONLin G-M and Canoy D (2022) Editorial:Renal function and related biomarkersin cardiovascular risk assessment andprevention.Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 9:1069629.doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1069629COPYRIGHT© 2022 Lin and Canoy. This is anopen-access article distributed underthe terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License (CC BY). The use,distribution or reproduction in otherforums is permitted, provided theoriginal author(s) and the copyrightowner(s) are credited and that theoriginal publication in this journal iscited, in accordance with acceptedacademic practice. No use, distributionor reproduction is permitted whichdoes not comply with these terms.Editorial: Renal function andrelated biomarkers incardiovascular risk assessmentand preventionGen-Min Lin1,2* and Dexter Canoy31Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, 2Department ofMedicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, 3DeepMedicine, Nueld Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford,United KingdomKEYWORDSbiomarkers, cardiovascular risk, population study, prevention, renal functionEditorial on the Research TopicRenal function and related biomarkers in cardiovascular riskassessment and preventionChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading risk factor in the development ofcardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with higher risk of mortality (1).Therefore, the CVD risk reduction in those with CKD is of great importance. Theidentification of high-risk patients, prior to the occurrence of CVD, could permit theimplementation and development of new preventative therapies. In patients with CKD,numerous biomarkers have been identified via research; however their applicability forroutine clinical application remains to be fully evaluated. Moreover, there is a lackof reproducibility and standardization in research in the role of such measurementsin cardiovascular risk. In addition, there is limited understanding of how suchmeasurements may vary between populations. In the current Topic Research, wecollected 6 high quality studies to highlight novel epidemiological research, in differentpopulation groups in order to examine the correlation between the CVD risk andrenal biomarkers.With regard to albuminuria and dipstick proteinuria, Liang et al. performed ameta-analysis for the prognosis in patients with heart failure, and they found a greaterrisk of all-cause mortality associated with dipstick proteinuria [HR: 1.54 (95% CI:1.28, 1.84)], microalbuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) of 30 - 299mg/g) [HR: 1.54 (95% CI: 1.23, 1.93)] and macroalbuminuria (urine ACR ≥ 300 mg/g)[HR: 1.76 (95% CI: 1.21, 2.56)]. In another paper, Park et al. performed an insurancedata-registered longitudinal study in 124,691 Korean adults, and transient tracealbuminuria was defined by a presence of trace (±) reaction on a dipstick test performedin the 2005/2006 or the 2007/2008 visit. The results were consistent to the findings of themeta-analysis performed by Liang et al. that those with transient trace albuminuria mayFrontiers inCardiovascularMedicine 01 frontiersin.orgLin and Canoy 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1069629have a greater risk of all-cause and CVD mortalities [HRs: 1.39(95% CI: 1.01, 1.92) and 2.18 (95% CI: 1.08, 5.98), respectively].According to these study findings, albuminuria of any degree canbe considered as a useful biomarker and predictor of mortality.With regard to serum uric acid (SUA) and CKD which weremutually affected (2), we collected two studies in this ResearchTopic to address the issue. Russo et al. studied the independentimpact of SUA and CKD on mortality using the Uric AcidRight for Heart Health (URRAH) project (3), and revealedthat the incidence rate for CVD mortality in 215,618 person-years of follow-up, stratified based on estimated glomerularfiltration rate (eGFR >90, 60–90 and <60 mL/min/1.73 m2)was higher in patients with hyperuricemia (SUA ≥5.9 mg/dL)and albuminuria (3.8, 22.1 and 19.1, respectively) as comparedto those with only one risk factor or none (0.4, 2.8 and 3.1,respectively). In addition, for each SUA increase of 1 mg/dL,the risk for all-cause mortality increased by 10% even afteradjustment for potential confounders including eGFR and thepresence of albuminuria. In another study using the ChinaHealth and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) conducted by Li et al.,hyperuricemia was defined as 7.0 mg/dL or greater for men and6.0 mg/dL or greater for women. CVD risk was graded usingthe Framingham risk score (FRS) as low (FRS <10%), medium(FRS 10–20%), or high (FRS >20%). The study uncovered anegative multiplicative interaction between hyperuricemia andCVD risk on CKD. The odds ratio (OR) between hyperuricemiaand CKD in the low-CVD risk group was 5.51 (95% CI: 4.03,7.52), followed by 3.64 (95% CI: 2.61, 5.09) in the medium-CVD risk group and 2.89 (95% CI: 2.12, 3.96) in the high-CVDrisk group. Moreover, hyperuricemia and age had an additiveeffect on CKD, with a synergy index of 2.26 (95% CI: 1.45,3.52). Based on these study findings, there were significantinterplays between SUA, CKD and CVD risk, and the role ofhyperuricemia as a crucial biomarker to predict CKD and CVDwas emphasized.For the matrix Gla protein (MGP) (4), a small vitaminK-dependent protein, which is a mineralization inhibitorin vascular calcification, Wei et al. firstly examined theassociation between urinary MGP and all-cause mortality in776 randomly recruited Flemish subjects. For a doublingof urinary MGP, the risk of all-cause and CVD mortalitieswas found to increase [HRs: 1.31 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.69) and2.05 (95% CI: 1.11, 3.79), respectively] with adjustment forcovariates including eGFR and microalbuminuria. The studywas consistent to the previous reports that both circulatingand urinary MGP could be utilized as a useful biomarker topredict mortality (5).Finally, Gao et al. investigated the association of eGFRwith CVD and all-cause mortalities in 2,366 old-agedChinese patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)who were rarely documented (1). The study revealed thatcompared with eGFR ≤63.02 mL/min/1.73 m2, patients witheGFR of 63.03–78.45, 78.46–91.50, >91.51 mL/min/1.73m2 had lower risks of CVD mortality [HRs: 0.58 (95%CI: 0.38, 0.90), 0.61 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.99), and 0.48 (95%CI: 0.25, 0.90), respectively] and all-cause mortality [HRs:0.64 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.88), 0.61 (95% CI; 0.42, 0.88),and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.84), respectively]. The studieshighlighted the role of eGFR on mortality even in theelderly population.Taken together, the present Research Topic represents animportant source of up-to-date information, covering manyaspects of renal function and related biomarkers in assessmentand prevention of CVD events. More comprehensive knowledgeaccording to these discoveriesmay bring about new perspectives.Author contributionsBoth authors listed have made a substantial, direct,and intellectual contribution to the work and approved itfor publication.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that the research was conducted in theabsence of any commercial or financial relationships that couldbe construed as a potential conflict of interest.Publisher’s noteAll claims expressed in this article are solely those of theauthors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliatedorganizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and thereviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, orclaim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteedor endorsed by the publisher.References1. Li YH, Lin GM, Lin CL, Wang JH, Han CL. Relation of estimated glomerularfiltration rate and body mass index to mortality in non-dialysis patients withcoronary artery disease: a report from the ET-CHD registry, 1997-2003. J Cardiol.(2013) 62:144–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.03.0162. Dounousi E, Papavasiliou E, Makedou A, Ioannou K, Katopodis KP,Tselepis A, et al. Oxidative stress is progressively enhanced with advancingstages of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. (2006) 48:752–60. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.08.015Frontiers inCardiovascularMedicine 02 frontiersin.orgLin and Canoy 10.3389/fcvm.2022.10696293. Desideri G, Virdis A, Casiglia E, Borghi C. Working group on uric acid andcardiovascular risk of the italian society of hypertension. Exploration into uric andcardiovascular disease: uric acid right for heart health (URRAH) project, a studyprotocol for a retrospective observational study high blood press. Cardiovasc Prev.(2018) 25:197–202. doi: 10.1007/s40292-018-0250-74. Proudfoot D, Shanahan CM. Molecular mechanisms mediatingvascular calcification: role of matrix Gla protein. Nephrology(Carlton). (2006) 11:455–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00660.x5. Liu YP, Gu YM, Thijs L, Knapen MH, Salvi E, Citterio L, et al.Inactive matrix Gla protein is causally related to adverse healthoutcomes: a Mendelian randomization study in a Flemish population.Hypertension. (2015) 65:463–70. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04494Frontiers inCardiovascularMedicine 03 frontiersin.org

Editorial: Renal function and related biomarkers in cardiovascular risk assessment and prevention

Lin, Gen-Min

Canoy, Dexter

PubMed Central

http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.1069629

Editorial: Renal function and related biomarkers in cardiovascular risk assessment and prevention

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Newcastle University E-Prints

PubMed Central