ProtoGalaxy: Efficient ProtoStar-style folding of multiple instances

Abstract

We continue the recent line of work on folding schemes. Building on ideas from ProtoStar [BC23] we construct a folding scheme where the recursive verifier\u27s ``marginal work\u27\u27, beyond linearly combining witness commitments, consists only of a logarithmic number of field operations and a constant number of hashes. Moreover, our folding scheme performs well when \emph{folding multiple instances at one step}, in which case the marginal number of verifier field operations per instance becomes constant, assuming constant degree gates

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