After the harvest of tall fescue seed dormancy is present, indicating the reduction of germination. In conventional storage conditions for seed storage, we investigated the influence of three different ways of packaging (paper bags, canvas bags and plastic bags) to change the germination of seeds immediately after harvest, after 30, 60 and 90 days. After 30 days seed dormancy is reduced by 1 to 3% and germination was increased by 2-3%, while the impact of packaging had no significant effect.The decreasing trend in seed dormancy and increased germination even after 60 days continued in the same percentages. After 90 days of storage the contents of dormant seed was reduced to 22-35% and germination was increased to 65-72%

Milenković, Jasmina

Stanisavljević, Rade

Terzić, Dragan

Vuga Janjatov, V.

Đokić, Dragoslav

Đukanović, Lana

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106 Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 15 (2011) 2 Biblid: 1821-4487 (2011) 15; 2; p.106-108 Original Scientific Paper UDK: 581.48: 621.798.188 Originalni naučni rad  THE INFLUENCE OF SEED STORAGE ON GERMINATION OF TALL FESCUE DURING AFTER-RIPENING PERIOD UTICAJ ČUVANJA SEMENA VISOKOG VIJUKA NA KLIJAVOST TOKOM POSŽETVENOG DOZREVANJA Rade STANISAVLJEVIĆ*, Dragoslav ĐOKIĆ*, Jasmina MILENKOVIĆ*, Dragan TERZIĆ*,  Lana ĐUKANOVIĆ**, Vesna VUGA-JANJATOVIĆ**  *Institute for Forage Crops, Trg Kosturnice 50, 37000 Kruševac **Agricultural Extension Service Sremska Mitrovica,  Svetog Dimitrija 22, 22000 Sremska Mitrovica ABSTRACT After the harvest of tall fescue seed dormancy is present, indicating the reduction of germination. In conventional storage conditi-ons for seed storage, we investigated the influence of three different ways of packaging (paper bags, canvas bags and plastic bags) to change the germination of seeds immediately after harvest, after 30, 60 and 90 days. After 30 days seed dormancy is reduced by 1 to 3% and germination was increased by 2-3%, while the impact of packaging had no significant effect.The decreasing trend in seed dormancy and increased germination even after 60 days continued in the same percentages. After 90 days of storage the contents of dormant seed was reduced to 22-35% and germination was increased to 65-72%. Key words: Tall fescue, seed, storage, packaging. REZIME Odmah po ubiranju semena visokog vijuka seme je sa povećanom vlagom i sa smanjenom klijavošću što uslovljava prisutnost dormantnog semena. Stoga je nakon dosušivanja semena na 12% vlažnosti u klasičnim skladišnim uslovima za čuvanje semena, ispi-tivan uticaj tri različite ambalaže (papirne kese, platnene kese i PVC kese) na promenu klijavosti semena, odmah nakon ubiranja, na-kon 30, 60 i 90 dana. Na tri ispitivane partije semena visokog vijuka, odmah nakon žetve je utvrđeno 35 – 46 % dormantnog semena, što je uslovilo početnu klijavost od 59 do  64%. Nakon 30 dana, dormantnost semena se smanjila za 3,4% a klijavost se povećala za 2,5 %, dok tip ambalaže nije imao značajan uticaj. Trend smanjenja dormantnosti semena i povećanja klijavosti se i nakon 60 dana nastavio u istim procentima. Tip ambalaže u ovom periodu nije konstatovan od značajnog uticaja. Nakon 90 dana čuvanja semena utvrđeno je smanjenje dormantnog semena na  29-33 % i povećanje klijavosti na 71-77 %. U onom periodu, seme čuvano u PVC an-balaži je imalo značajno veću klijavost na dve od tri ispitivane partije semena,  što je  omogućilo zadovoljenje zakonske regulative za stavljanje semena u promet i korišćenje za setvu u jesenjem setvenom roku iste godine kada je i ubrano. Seme čuvano u papirnoj i platnenoj anbalži kod sve tri partije je imalo manju klijavost od 75% i nije se moglo koristiti u komercijalne svrhe.  Ključne reči: Visoki vijuk, seme, čuvanje, pakovanje-anbalaža.  INTRODUCTION Tall fescue is one of the most important forage grasses, which often became part of the grass-legume mixtures, while the cultivation as pure crops is rare case. This species has very good adaptability to environmental conditions and high yielding for-age (Lazarević et al. 1998). Tall fescue also has high seed yield (Stanisavljević et al. 2008). After harvest, the seeds of perennial weeds and wild species of the family Poaccae characterized pe-riod of seed dormancy (Kon, 2007). Seed dormancy can be cau-sed by the material of the surrounding tissues of the embryo, they are permeable barriers that prevent taking water or gas exchange, and mechanical barriers that prevent the spread of embryos or those that prevent germination (Bewley 1997). Also in the embryo we can find enzymes, indicating that depression is a product of genes that affect the seed dormancy (Dyer et. al. 1993). All this causes reduced germination of the seeds immediately after harvest: French ryegrass 57% (Stanisavljević et al 2010b), the cat's tail, 75% (Stanisavljević et al 2008). Seed dormancy and reduced germination of seeds immediately after harvesting of perennial forage grasses even in the same class dif-fered: 60% of meadow fescue, tall fescue 65%, 61% red fescue (Stanisavljević et al. 2010).  Thus, seed dormancy is caused by genetics and physiology factors that are characteristic of certain species of seed plants, but on the dormancy and germination affected by storage condi-tions and their interactions during post harvest ripening (Jusic and Bass, 1987, Walters et al., 2005, Kostic et al 2007, 2009). During the ripening period, we can reduce amount of dor-mant seed and increased germination, which will determine, af-ter the harvest in June, the possible use of the seeds for sowing in the autumn or in the spring of next year. In natural meadow communities presence of dormant seed can affect the germinati-on delay or lack of germination in late autumn which can cause germination in the spring when environmental conditions are favorable thus have a positive impact on the maintenance of grass species in the meadow communities (Stanisavljević et al. 2010a ). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diffe-rent packaging on seed storage and changing of germination du-ring post harvest ripening in conventional storage conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS After harvesting the seed (in mid-June) the three seed lots of tall fescue cultivars, K-20, is within three days are dried to 12% humidity. Seed germination (%) and seed dormancy (%) were immediately measured. Determination of seed germination and dormant seed were measured every 30 days during period of 90 days for all three ways of packaging, paper bags, canvas bags and plastic bags. During the review period the seeds were stored in a conventional warehouse conditions in which each day de-termined the maximum temperature (º C) and maximum relative humidity (%), minimum temperature (º C) and minimum relative Stanisavljević et al. / The Influence of Seed Storage on Germination of Tall Fescue During After-Ripening Period Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 15 (2011) 2 107 humidity (%), mean daily temperature (º C) and mean daily rela-tive humidity (%) based on which values are calculated for each month (Table 1).  Table 1. Maximum and minimum temperature and relative air humidity values in seed storage rooms. Temperature (ºC) Relative air humidity (%) Month Aver. Min. Max. Aver. Min. Max. June 20 15 24 63 45 80 July 23 16 30 64 48 80 August 24 17 31 68 52 84 September 12 9 23 74 65 82  For germination, 4x100 seeds from each replicate were tested on filter paper (TP) according to the ISTA rules (Interna-tional Seed Testing Association, 2008). After a prechill treat-ment at 5°C for 5 days, seeds germinated at alternating tempera-tures of 30/20°C (30°C for 8 hours of light and 20°C for 16 hours of dark). The final count of normal seedlings was made after 14 days. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The collection of seeds of tall fescue in the conditions of Serbia was done in mid-June, when is dispersal of seeds was dispersed in natural meadow communities (Stanisavljević et al. 2007).  This seeds can be used for sowing in autumn in the same year, in spring sowing next year or in a subsequent term sowing, with respect to the legislation by which the minimum germina-tion of tall fescue to 75% (Službeni list br. 47/87).  According to Kon et al. (2007) seeds of forage grasses and weeds are charac-terized by the presence of dormant seeds immediately after col-lection or drop-out, which causes reduced germination, which varies greatly depending on the species. The period of dormancy of seeds depends on the genetic and physiological potential of species (Bewley 1997). It also depends on the conditions in stor-age and interacting environmental factors during seed storage (Merritt et al. 2003). In some commercial species (mainly vegetables) the seed dormancy was reduced or almost non-existent through the proc-ess of breeding, while in perennial grass seed dormancy through breeding has not decreased (Adkins et al 2002). In tests conducted at the Institute for forage crops are logged in Krusevac immediately after harvesting and drying of tall fes-cue seed had an average germination of 61.3% with the differ-ence in germination depending on the seed lots by 5%. Propor-tion of dormant seeds was 42% with a margi of 35% (Table 2). According to earlier investigations conducted by Stanisavljević et al (2010 a) seed germination of tall fescue seed immediately after harvest was 65%. In this investigation, almost the same germination was determined in only one seed lots (Tab.2).  Table 2. Seed germination of tall fescue immediately after harvesting and drying  Germination (%) Dormant seeds (%) P1 P2 P3 Meaan P1 P2 P3 Meaan 64 59 61 61,3 35 42 36 37.7  The tests on the seeds of meadow fescue showed that the germination of seed lots varied from 63% to 67% immediately after harvest (Djukanovic et al. 2010). For perennial ryegrass germination of seeds of Bartwingo va-riety immediately after harvesting was 85.8% and after 90 days stored at 10ºC and storage at -20ºC germination was 81.7%. Germination of the Calibra variety immediately after harvest was 68.5%. After 90 days of storing at 10ºC germination was 79.0%, and the seed kept at -20ºC germination was 72.5% (Roznan et al (2007). In storage of seeds up to 9 months at a temperature of 10 º C and -20 ° C, the germination of seeds of perennial ryegrass varieties Bartvingo was 83.0% and 86.8% and that of varieties Vectra from 69% to 72.8% (Roznan et al 2010). For tall fescue seed testing after 30 days of the classic guarded storage conditions (Table 1) and three different contain-ers, germination increased by an average of 2.5%, dormant seed decreased by 3.4% and the impact of packaging for storing seeds had significant effect (p ≤ 0.05). In the next 30 days or 60 days from seed collection, germination increased by 6% and 8.5%, seed dormancy decreased by 3.4% and 8.3%, but the impact of packaging for keeping seeds or in this period had no significant effect (table 2.3.4).  Table 3. Impact of packaging on seed germination of tall fes-cue 30 days after harvest  Germination (%) Dormant seeds (%) Way of keeping P1 P2 P3 Meaan P1 P2 P3 Meaan Papir bags 65 a 61 a 63 a 63.0 33 a 36 a 35 a 34.7 Canvas bags 64 a 63 a 65 a 64.0 34 a 37 a 33 a 34.7 PVC 66 a 62 a 65 a 64.3 32 a 35 a 34 a 33.6 Way of keeping 65.0 62.0 64.3 63.8 33.0 36.0 34.0 34.3  After 90 days of storage, seed germination, on average, in-creased by 4.1% and dormancy decreased by 69% compared to the fixed value of 60 days (Tab.4 and 5). Seeds stored in PVC containers exhibited an average of 2.7 % higher germination than that from paper and canvas packing. But for the two lots (P1 and P3) the impact of packaging for storage was higher ac-companied with the statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) (Table 5).   Table 4. Impact of packaging on seed germination of tall fes-cue 60 days after harvest  Germination (%) Dormant seeds (%) Way of keeping P1 P2 P3 Meaan P1 P2 P3 MeaanPapir bags 70 a 69 a 69 a 69.3 28 a 29 a 31 a 29.3 Canvas bags 72 a 63 a 73 a 69.3 30 a 33 a 28 a 31.3 PVC 74 a 69 a 74 a 72.3 26 a 31 a 29 a 28.7 Way of keeping 72.0 67.0 72.0 69.8 28.0 31.0 29.3 29.4  Respecting legislation on turnover of seed (minimum 75% germination) seeds of the two lots (P1 and P3) that was stored in PVC bags fulfilled the requirements for placing on the market (77% germination), while seeds stored in the other two packages did not meet the criteria for marketing.   Table 5. Impact of packaging on seed germination of tall fes-cue 90 days after harvest Germination (%) Dormant seeds (%) Way of  keeping P1 P2 P3 Meaan P1 P2 P3 Meaan Papir bags 74 b 71 a 74 a 73,0 23 a 25 a 23 a 23.7 Canvas bags 74 b 72 a 73 b 73,0 24 a 23 a 21 a 22.7 PVC 77 a 73 a 77 a 75,7 20 a 22 a 21 a 21.0 Mean 75.0 72.0 74.7 73.9 22.3 23.3 21.7 22.5  During ripening and aging of seed, bags for seed packaging have a role to prevent moisture which is one of the main reasons for the loss of germination. Tests on bean seeds showed that the Stanisavljević et al. / The Influence of Seed Storage on Germination of Tall Fescue During After-Ripening Period 108 Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 15 (2011) 2 polyethylene and aluminum foil materials were effective in pre-venting the adoption of external moisture, while the paper pack-aging materials showed poor seed efficiency (Wilson and McDonald 1992). CONCLUSION Tall fescue seed immediately after harvest and drying is characterized with a lot of dormant seeds, which causes reduced germination. Way of storage after 30 and 60 days had no signifi-cant effect on germination, but after 90 days, the impact of PVC bags for storing seeds had a significant impact on increasing the germination of seeds of two seed lots, which fills the law condi-tions to put the seeds in the market and use for planting. REFERENCES Adkins W. Steve, Bellairs M. Sean, Loc S. Don (2002). Seed dormancy mechanisms in warm season grass species. Euphytica 126, (1),13–20. Bewley J.D., 1997. Seed germination and dormancy. Plant Cell 9, 1055–1066. Djukanović L., Stanisavljević R., Djukanović D., Anđelković S., Milenković J. (2010). Seeed quality testing of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) with standard germination method du-ring post-hervest maturing period. Biotehnology in Animal Husbandry (spec.isse), 26, 247-252  Dyer W.E., (1993). 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The Influence of seed storage on germination of tall fescue during after-ripening period

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The Influence of seed storage on germination of tall fescue during after-ripening period

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