Dolder, Max

Eder, Michael

Hornemann, Thorsten

Kraft, Terry

Schlattner, Uwe

Stolz, Martin

Wallimann, Theo

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ELSEVIER Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine 6 (1998) 116-119 MAGMA Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Me~cine Creatine kinase: An enzyme with a central role in cellular energy metabolism Theo Wal l imann a,* Max Do lder  a, Uwe Schlattner a Michael  Eder  a Thors ten  Hornemann a, Terry Kra f t  b, Mar t in  Stolz a a Institute of Cell Biology, ETH-Hrnggerberg, CH-8093 Zfirich, Switzerland b Institute for Molecular Physiology, University Hannover, Hannover, Germany Keywords: Creatine kinase; Cellular energy metabolism; Enzyme The enzyme creatine kinase (CK), catalyzing the reversible transfer of the N-phosphoryl group from phosphocreatine (PCr) to ADP to regenerate ATP, plays a key role in the energy homeostasis of cells with intermittently high, fluctuating energy requirements, e.g. in skeletal and cardiac muscle, neurons, photore- ceptors, spermatozoa nd electrocytes. Cytosolic CK isoenzyme(s) (MM-, MB- and BB-CK) are always co- expressed in a tissue-specific fashion together with a mitochondrial isoform. Using biochemical fractionation and in situ localization, one was able to show that the CK isoenzymes, earlier considered to be strictly soluble, are in fact compartmentalized subcellularly and coupled functionally and/or structurally either to sites of energy production (glycolysis and mitochondria) or energy consumption (cellular ATPases, such as the acto- myosin ATPase and SR-Ca 2+-ATPase), thus forming an intricate, highly regulated energy distribution net- work, the PCr-circuit or PCr-shuttle (Fig. 1, [1]). This non-equilibrium energy transport model has been challenged, based upon global 31p-NMR experi- ments, measuring CK-mediated flux in muscles at dif- ferent work-loads [2,3]. The conclusions reached were that the CK system is in equilibrium with the substrates and behaves like a solution of well-mixed enzymes, that effects of compartmentation were negligible with re- spect o total cellular bioenergetics and that thermody- namic characteristics of the cytosol could be predicted as if the CK metabolites were freely mixing in solution. * Corresponding author. 1352-8661/98/$ - see front matter © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights PII S 1352-8661 (98)00034-9 However, based on the organizational principles of striated muscle, as well as on our findings concerning the highly structured subcellular CK-compartments, this interpretation seemed rather unlikely and thus has been questioned subsequently by a CAVEAT! [4]. In support of this, 3~p-NMR CK-flux measurements with transgenic mice with graded reductions of MM-CK expression in their muscles, show a strikingly unex- pected, 'anomalous' CK-flux behaviour [5], indicating that some flux through CK, presumably bound CK, and possibly also some PCr and/or ATP, is NMR-in- visible or otherwise not amenable to his analysis [4,6]. In the meantime, more evidence from NMR-measure- ments [7-10], as well as from recent in vivo 14[C]Cr- tracer studies [11], is accumulating in favour of compartmentation f the CK system and for the exis- tence of different pools of CK substrates. As a matter of fact, it has now become clear that in muscle, Cr and PCr molecules do not tumble freely, but display partial orientational ordering, which is in contrast o what is expected for small molecules dissolved in water [7]. Furthermore, 31p-NMR saturation transfer experiments with sea-urchin spermatozoa show that the CK-flux increases by a factor of 10-20 upon sperm activation [12]. These specialized sperm cells derive their energy for motility entirely from fatty oxidation within the single large mitochondrion located just behind the sperm head, from where PCr is diffusing along the 50 ~tm long sperm tail to fuel the dynein/tubulin ATPase. It is obvious that in these polar, elongated cells, the diffusional limitation of ADP is the key limiting factor reserved. T. Wallimann et al. / Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine 6 (1998) 116-119 117 ATPase B ATP ADP ~,~ $ adenylat e/ y~ 4bcardlolipin __  J ~_~ ATP g ASp L ADP ATP ADP '~'  porin (VDAC) t ranslocat or  (ANT)  Fig. 1. with respect to high-energy phosphate provision [13]. In support of the PCr-shuttle model [6,1] the calculated diffusional flux of ADP in these sperm cells are by two and three orders of magnitude smaller than those of ATP and PCr, respectively. Transgenic CK( - / -  ) double knock-mice show sig- nificantly increased relaxation times of their limb mus- cles, altered Ca 2 +-transients in myotubes after stimulation, as well as remarkable remodelling of the contractile apparatus with increased numbers of mito- chondria and a grossly over-produced tubular SR mem- branes [14]. The obvious difficulties of these mice with muscle Ca2+-handling, as the main phenotype, is in line with biochemical and functional data showing that some MM-CK is specifically associated with SR mem- branes [15], where it is crucial for fueling the energeti- Cally highly demanding Ca 2 +-ATPase [16,17]. Therefore, the most crucial function of the CK-system in muscle is related to the energetics of Ca 2+- homeostasis. According to recent findings, AMP-activated protein kinase is able to bind rather tightly to muscle-type MM-CK and phosphorylate the latter to inhibit its activity. AMPK itself is regulated not only by the ATP/AMP ratio, but also by the PCr/Cr ratio [18]. This invalidates the long-held dogma that PCr and Cr are metabolically completely inert compounds. Thus, AMPK, as an energy sensor system, could represent the missing link for regulation of adaptive metabolic regulation. Some CK is additionally associated with the my- ofibril [1]. The isoenzyme-specific association domain of MM-CK with the sarcomeric M-band has been local- ized by an in situ biochemical approach, using het- erologously expressed, fluorescently labelled site-directed mutants, as well as M/B-CK chimaeras for diffusion into chemically skinned muscle fbers [19]. This M-band interaction domain could be narrowed down to two lysine charge-clamps, symmetrically orga- nized on a exposed face of each M-CK monomer 118 T. Wallimann et al. / Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine 6 (1998) I 16-119 (unpublished data). New data, using this approach also indicate that the weak MM-CK binding to the sarcom- eric /-band, observed by in situ immunofluorescence localization is mediated by some glycolytic enzymes [20]. Mi-CK is located in the mitochondrial intermem- brane space along the inner membrane, but also at contact sites where inner and outer membranes are in close proximity. Mi-CK can directly transphosphory- late intramitochondrially produced ATP into PCr, which subsequently is exported into the cytosol. The functional coupling of mitochondrial CK to oxidative phosphorylation, occurring via the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), which facilitates the antiport of ATP versus ADP through the inner membrane, is well documented [21,22]. In addition, a physical interaction of Mi-CK with outer mitochondrial membrane porin (VDAC) has also been demonstrated [23]. A protein complex containing ANT and mitochondrial porin has recently been described to display the characteristics ofthe mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MTP) or megachannel [24]. The physical interaction and func- tional coupling of Mi-CK with porin and ANT indi- cates an involvement of Mi-CK in the regulation of MTP, since octameric Mi-CK in this protein complex [24], plus creatine or creatine analogues, can delay MTP [25]. The recently solved atomic X-ray structure of oc- tameric Mi-CK [26] is consistent with the proposed energy channeling function of this enzyme. A detailed structure/function a alysis concerning molecular physi- ology, catalytic site and mechanism, octamer/dimer equilibrium, as well as the interaction of Mi-CK with mitochondrial membranes [21,27] is in progress. The identical top and bottom faces of the octamer contain putative membrane binding motifs likely to be involved in binding of Mi-CK to mitochondrial membranes. The central 20 A wide channel of the Mi-CK octamer may be of functional significance for the exchange of energy metabolites between mitochondria nd cytosol. Fur- thermore, Mi-CK may follow a 'back door' mechanism by which PCr is expelled into the central channel of the Mi-CK octamer to facilitate a vectorial transport of PCr from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol. Finally, the CK/PCr system is now recognized as an important metabolic regulator during health and dis- ease. Creatine supplementation seems helpful not only for athletes to improve physical performance, but is also emerging as a therapeutic aid for neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. In some of these dis- eases, especially in mitochondrial myopathies, a com- pensatory over-expression of Mi-CK, due to cellular energy deficit, can lead to the formation of pathological intramitochondrial, crystalline Mi-CK inclusions [28]. Furthermore, a pronounced sensitivity of Mi-CK to- wards reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially perox- ynitrite, has recently been documented [29]. This may explain why a perturbation of cellular pro-oxidant/an- tioxidant balance, as seen after ischemia/reperfusion, can lead to energy failure, paralleled by chronic calcium overload due to inactivation of CK [29]. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Society for Muscle Dis- eases, a graduate student grant from the ETH-Z and by sponsoring from Careal Holding. References [1] Wallimarm T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, Nicolay K, Eppenberger HM. Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the 'PCr-circuit' for cellular energy homeosta- sis. Biochem J 1992;281:21-40. [2] McFarland EW, Kushmerick M J, Moerland T. Activity of cre- atine kinase in a contracting mammalian muscle of uniform fiber type. Biophy J 1994;67:1912-24. [3] Wiseman RW, Kushmerick M. Creatine kinase equilibrium fol- lows solution thermodynamics in skeletal muscle: 31p-NMR studies using creatine analogs. J Biol Chem 1995;270:12428-38. [4] Wallimann T. 3Xp-NMR-measured creatine kinase reaction flux in muscle: a CAVEAT!. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1994;17:177- 81. [5] VanDeursen J, Wieringa B, et al. Creatine kinase in skeletal muscle energy metabolism: a study of mouse mutants with graded reduction in muscle CK expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:9091-5. [6] Wallimann T. Dissecting the role of creatine kinase. Curr Biol 1994;1:42-6. [7] Kreis R, Koster M, Kamber M, Hoppeler H, Boesch C. Peak assignment in localized 1H MR spectra of human muscle based on oral creatine supplementation. Magn Res Med 1997;37:159- 63. [8] LeRumeur E, LeTallec N, Kernec F, de Certaines JD. Kinetics of ATP to ADP fl-phosphoryl conversion i  contracting skeletal muscle by in vivo 31P-NMR magnetization transfer. NMR Biomed 1997;10:67-72. [9] Ntziachristos V, Kreis R, Boesch C, Quistorff B. Dipolar reso- nance frequency shifts in 1H MR spectra of skeletal muscle: confirmation i  rats at 4.7 T in vivo and observation of changes postmortem. Magn Reson Med 1997;38:33-9. [10] Williams JP, Headrick JP. Differences in nucleotide compart- mentation and energy state in isolated and in sit rat heart: assessment by 31p-NMR spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996;1276:71-9. [11] Hochachka PW, Mossey MK. Does muscle creatine phosphoki- nase have access to the total pool of phosphocreatine plus creatine? Am J Physiol 1998;274:868-72. [12] VanDorsten F, Wyss M, Wallimann T, Nicolay K. Activation of sea urchin sperm motility is accompanied by an increase in the creatine kinase exchange flux. Biochem J 1997;325:411-6. [13] Kaldis P, Kamp G, Piendt T, Wallimann T. Functions of creatine kinase isoenzymes in spermatozoa. Adv Develop Biol 1997;5:275-312. T. Wallimann et al./ Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine 6 (1998) 116-119 119 [14] Steeghs K, Wieringa B, et al. Altered Ca2+-response in muscles with combined mitochondrial nd cytosolic reatine kinase d fi- ciencies. Cell 1997;89:93 103. [15] Rossi AM, Eppenberger HM, Volpe P, Cotrufo R, Wallimann T. Muscle type MM-creatine kinase is specifically bound to sarcoplasmic reticulum and can support Ca 2 + -uptake and regu- late local ATP/ADP ratios. J Biol Chem 1990;265:5258-66. [16] Korge P, Campbell KB. Local ATP regeneration is important for sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca z + -pump function. Am J Physiol 1994;267:357-66. [17] Minajeva A, Ventura-Calapier R, Veksler V. Ca2+-uptake by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase in situ strongly depends on bound creatine kinase. Pfliigers Arch 1996;432:904-12. [18] Ponticos M, Lu QL, Morgan JE, Hardie DG, Partridge TA, Carling D. Dual regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase provides a novel mechanism for the control of creatine kinase in skeletal muscle. EMBO J 1998;17:1688-99. [19] Stolz M, Wallimann T. Myofibrillar interaction of cytosolic creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes: allocation of N-terminal bind- ing epitope in MM-CK and BB-CK. J Cell Sci 1998;111:1207- 16. [20] Kraft Th, Nier V, Brenner B, Wallimann T. Binding of creatine kinase to the/-band of skinned skeletal muscle fibers is mediated by glycolytic enzymes: an in situ biochemical pproach. Biophys J 1996;70:A292. [21] Schlattner U, Forstner M, Eder M, Stachowiak O, Fritz-Wolf K, and Wallimann T (1998) Functional aspects of the X-ray struc- ture of mitochondrial creatine kinase: a molecular physiology approach. Mol Cell Biochem 184 (in press). [22] Wyss M, Smeitink J, Wevers R, Wallimann T. Mitochondrial creatine kinase: a key enzyme of aerobic energy metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992;1102:119-66. [23] Brdiczka D, Kaldis P, Wallimann T. In vitro complex formation between the octamer ofmitochondrial creatine kinase and porin. J Biol Chem 1994;269:27640-4. [24] Beutner G, Riick A, Riede B, WeRe W, Brdiczka D. Complexes between kinases, mitochondrial porin and adenylate translocator in rat brain resemble the permeability ransition pore. FEBS Lett 1997;396:189-95. [25] O'Gorman E, Beutner G, Dolder M, Koretsky AP, Brdiczka D, Wallimann T. The role of creatine kinase in inhibition of mito- chondrial permeability transition. FEBS Lett 1997;414:253-7. [26] Fritz-Wolf K, Schnyder T, Wallirnann T, Kabsch W. Structure of mitochondrial creatine kinase. Nature 1996;381:341-5. [27] Stachowiak O, Schlattner U, Dolder M, and Wallimann T (1998) Oligomeric state and membrane binding behaviour of creatine kinase isoenzymes: implicaitons for cellular function and mito- chondrial structure. Mol Cell Biochem 184 (in press). [28] O'Gorman E, Fuchs K-H, Tittmann P, Gross H, Wallimann T. Crystalline mitochondrial inclusion bodies isolated from cre- atine-depleted rat soleus muscle. J Cell Sci 1997;110:1403-11. [29] Stachowiak O, Dolder M, Wallimann T, Richter Ch. Mitochon- drial creatine kinase is a prime target of peroxynitrite-induced modification and inactivation. J Biol Chem 1998;273:16194-699. 

Creatine kinase: An enzyme with a central role in cellular energy metabolism

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Creatine kinase: An enzyme with a central role in cellular energy metabolism

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