A study was done to determine the levels of minerals (Calcium, Magnesium, Iron,Potassium and Zinc) in three different cultivars of yams (D. alata and D. esculenta),Xanthosoma sp and four different cultivars of sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas Lam) fromdifferent regions in Sri Lanka. Yams (Rajala, Hingurala and Kukulala), Xanthosoma sp(Kiriala) and sweet potatoes (Swp3, Swp4, Swp5 and Swp7) were prepared for analysis 2– 3 days after harvesting. Flour samples were subjected to ashing using AOAC (1980)method and mineral constituents were analysed using Atomic AbsorptionSpectrophotometer (AAS). Variation in mineral constituents on dry weight basis wereanalysed using ANOVA, Tukey‟s HSD test (p&lt; 0.05) Minitab. All three cultivars ofyams had significant levels (p&lt; 0.05) of Calcium and Iron and high level of Magnesiumwas observed in Kiriala (45.27± 0.31 mg 100g-1). A significantly high level of Iron andPotassium (p&lt;0.05) was observed in Rajala and Sweet potatoes respectively. Swp5cultivar contained a comparatively high amount of Calcium and Magnesium while Swp3and Swp7 contained a high level of iron (p&lt;0.05). Comparatively high level of Zinc waspresent in Hingurala, Swp3 and Swp7 cultivars.Key words: Dioscorea , Ipomea batatas, minerals, Xanthosoma s

A., Bamunuarachchi

A., Gunaratne

K.K.D.S., Ranaweera

S.A., Senanayake

University of Sri Jayewardenepura: Journals & Proceedings

Vidyodaya  J. of Sci. (2012) Vol. 17 PP 24-30 24 Preliminary Study of Mineral Constituents in Selected  Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops in Sri Lanka S.A. Senanayake1*,  K.K.D.S. Ranaweera,  A. Gunaratne2,   and A. Bamunuarachchi1 1Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences,  University of Sri Jayewardenepura,  Nugegoda, Sri Lanka  2Department of Agriculture, University of Sabaragamuwa, Belihuloya,  Sri Lanka. * Corresponding author: e-mail;surajisena@gmail.com Received on : 21-11-2011 Accepted on : 19-02-2013 Abstract A study was done to determine the levels of minerals (Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Potassium and Zinc) in three different cultivars of yams (D. alata and D. esculenta),  Xanthosoma sp and four different cultivars of sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas Lam) from different regions in Sri Lanka. Yams (Rajala, Hingurala and Kukulala), Xanthosoma sp (Kiriala) and sweet potatoes (Swp3, Swp4, Swp5 and Swp7) were prepared for analysis 2 – 3 days after harvesting. Flour samples were subjected to ashing using AOAC (1980) method and mineral constituents were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Variation in mineral constituents on dry weight basis were analysed using ANOVA, Tukey‟s HSD test (p< 0.05) Minitab. All three cultivars of yams had significant levels (p< 0.05) of Calcium and Iron and high level of Magnesium was observed in Kiriala (45.27± 0.31 mg 100g-1). A significantly high level of Iron and Potassium (p<0.05) was observed in Rajala and Sweet potatoes respectively. Swp5 cultivar contained a comparatively high amount of Calcium and Magnesium while Swp3 and Swp7 contained a high level of iron (p<0.05). Comparatively high level of Zinc was present in Hingurala, Swp3 and Swp7 cultivars.  Key words: Dioscorea , Ipomea batatas,  minerals, Xanthosoma sp  S. A. Senanayake, K. K. D. S. Ranaweera, A. Gunaratne  and A. Bamunuarachchi  25 Introduction Root and tuber crops are efficient solar energy transferors and are grown in the tropical regions and consumed as primary, secondary or supplementary staple. With a minimum amount of agricultural inputs and with less favourable conditions they can transfer solar energy into rich stores of starch. Roots and tuber crops can be eaten boiled, roasted, fried or cooked. Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea esculenta are the two main yam species commonly found in Sri Lanka and the Family: Dioscoreaceae, is a genus consisting of 630 identified species. Nearly 40 Dioscorea varieties are grown in Sri Lanka (Jayasuriya, 1995). Dioscorea are seasonal crops and generally planted at the end of March to April. With the signs of yellowing leaves and withered vines mature crop is usually ready to harvest around December to February. Starch is the main component in the yams (60 -85% dry basis) and forms an important component in the diet of individuals living in rural areas of Sri Lanka (Jayakody et al, 2007). Sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas Lam) are also commonly consumed due to the availability throughout the year. The sweet potato is a tuberous – rooted perennial plant belonging to the Convolvulaceae or morning glory family. This family includes about 45 genera and 1000 species, but only Ipomea batatas is of economic importance as a food (Onwueme, 1978). Generally a plant produces 4 – 7 tuberous roots at maturity (Chandra et al, 1985).  Xanthosoma sagittifolium (Kiriala) species is also commonly consumed as it is available  throughout the year. Xanthosoma spp are commonly known as new cocoyams (Kiriala) and the  immature stems of the studied variety contains a red line on the either side of the stem and  the leaves contain blue- green pigments. A corm is produced at the base of the plant and this bears 10 to 15 lateral cormels (Kay, 1973). Sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas Lam), yams (Dioscorea sp) and Xanthosoma sagittifolium (Kiriala) can be considered as nutritionally important tuber crops because of their high energy contribution as in the form of starch and also contain various amounts of mineral components. After harvesting, these tuber crops upon passing a certain dormancy period may make sprouts if favourable conditions are met. This will bring a considerable amount of dry matter and water loss (Onwueme, 1982). However, if the tubers are properly stored these tubers can be made available throughout the year.  This study was aimed to assess the mineral composition of flours of three different cultivars of yams, Kiriala ( figure 1) and four cultivars of sweet potatoes ( figure 2), commonly cultivated in Sri Lanka. Yams and Kiriala samples were collected from Gannoruwa, Kandy and sweet potato samples which contained white and slight orange flesh were obtained from Horana, Gokarella and Dhambulla areas. Samples were prepared for analysis two to three days after harvesting.  Preliminary Study of Mineral Constituents in Selected Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops in Sri Lanka 26 Materials and Methods Materials Matured tubers of Dioscorea alata (Rajala and Hingurala), Dioscorea esculenta (Kukulala) and Xanthosoma sagittifolium (Kiriala) samples were collected from Horticultural Crop Research & Development Institute, Gannoruwa, Kandy. Matured tubers of sweet potatoes namely, swp 5 (Malaysian variety), swp 7 (CARI 273) and swp 3 (Wariyapola white) and swp 4 (Pallepola variety) were collected from Dhambulla and Horana areas respectively. Random samples of sweet potatoes were selected from market areas and the cultivars have been identified at the Horticultural Crop Research and Development Institute, Gannoruwa, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Flour samples were prepared for analysis, two to three days following harvesting.  Flour preparation The tubers were washed, hand peeled and trimmed to remove defective parts. The tubers were grated into thin chips (~ 5 mm) and dried in an air convention oven at 40 ºC for 30 hours up to 14% moisture. The dried chips were powdered using a laboratory scale grinder (Sumeet CM/L 2128945) and sifted through 300 µm sieve. The flour samples were sealed and packed in air tight containers for further analysis. Mineral composition analysis Mineral elements (Ca, Mg, Fe, K and Zn) were determined by the dry ashing method, (AOAC,1980). The ash was dissolved in Conc. HCl, filtered and diluted to 50 ml with distilled water. Prepared solutions were analysed with standards for elemental analysis by an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GBC Avanta Ver 1.33).   Results and Discussion The mineral composition of yams, Xanthosoma spp and sweet potatoes are shown in Table 1. All three varieties of yams were rich in Calcium and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in Calcium levels of yams while a comparatively low level was found in Kiriala. A high level of Iron was observed in Dioscorea alata (Rajala) than in other yams and Kiriala. The highest Magnesium level was observed in Kiriala and yams contained comparatively lower levels.     Hingurala (D. alata) Rajala (D. alata) Kiriala (X.sagittifolium) Kukulala (D. esculenta) Figure 1.  Morphology of Yams and Kiriala S. A. Senanayake, K. K. D. S. Ranaweera, A. Gunaratne  and A. Bamunuarachchi  27 Significant levels of Potassium were observed in all the samples. A significantly high (p< 0.05) level of Potassium was observed in Rajala and comparatively low levels were found in Kiriala and other two cultivars of yams. All the samples contained lower levels of Zinc compared to analyzed mineral matter and a significantly high level (p< 0.05) of zinc was found in Hingurala compared to other yams and Kiriala. Literature reveals very low levels of minerals in Nigerian varieties of D.alata species (Okwu et al, 2006). These Dioscorea varieties contained Magnesium, Calcium and Potassium in the ranges of 0.5 – 1.1, 1.2 – 2.41 and 0.39 – 1 mg/ 100 g dry weight respectively which appears to be considerably lower than the Sri Lankan cultivars studied. More Ca, Mg and Fe were observed in Sri Lankan cultivars than the cultivars studied by Oke, 1990 and Ishida et al, 2000. However the Potassium level in the Sri Lankan yams was similar to the levels found in yams studied by Oke, 1990 and Ishida et al, 2000. These values depend on various factors such as cultivar type and environmental factors. Therefore further studies concerning the mineral constituents of these cultivars would give a more conclusive view of the environmental impact on the mineral contents of these cultivars. Table I.  Mineral levels of different cultivars of yams, Xanthosoma sp and sweet potatoes on dry weight basis (mg /100g dry weight) Source Calcium   Iron   Magnesium Potassium Zinc D. alata    (Rajala)                 8.13± 0.05a 7.17± 0.11a 35.11± .29b 206.99± 4.94d 1.07±0.05e D. alata (Hingurala)                    8.15 ±0.29a 6.22± 0.2b 31.34±1.16c 184.21± 1.92f 2.11± 0.1b D. esculenta  (Kukulala)            8.29± 0.06a 6.12± 0.03b 33.6±  .19b 190.91± 0.78e 1.19± .08d Xanthosoma. sagittifolium  (Kiriala)   6.36± 0.31b 6.21± 0.31b 45.27± .31a 184.15±  1.6f 1.16±0.15d   (Swp3)  (Swp4)  (Swp5)  (Swp7) 2.1±0.1d 3.4±0.8d 5.9±0.1c 2.2±0.1d 6.2±0.9b 4.5±0.9c 4.2±0.1c 6.3±0.2b 11.0±0.8e 12.1±0.1e 15.3±0.1d 11.0±0.3e 805.6±5.7a 708.5±2.7b 526.8±2.3c 691.5±5.9b           2.5±0.3a 1.9±0.1c 1.6±0.1c 2.6±0.1a Data represent the mean of three replicates, Values followed by the different superscript in each column are significantly different (P>0.05) Calcium level range between 2.1±0.1 to 5.9±0.1 mg/100 g db and swp5 contains a significantly higher level (P > 0.05) than the other 3 cultivars. Calcium range in sweet potatoes studied by Oke, 1990 and Ishida et al, 2000 was in the range of 11 – 36 mg/ 100g while Fe and Mg are in the ranges of 0.9 – 9.6 and 26 – 27 mg/ 100 g db respectively. The studied cultivars contain comparatively lower levels of Ca and Mg while a similar level of Fe reported in literature. A significant level of iron (P<0.05) was Preliminary Study of Mineral Constituents in Selected Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops in Sri Lanka 28 observed in swp3 and swp7 than the other two varieties. A high level of Magnesium was present in swp5 compared to other varieties. Considerable levels of Potassium and zinc was observed in swp1 and the lowest level of Potassium was found in swp5 (Table 1).       Malaysian variety (SWP5) CARI 273 (SWP7) Figure 2.  Morphology of Sweet potatoes Low levels of Potassium were reported in findings of Oke, 1990 and Ishida et al, 2000. A significantly high level of Calcium and Magnesium was present in Malaysian cultivar while there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the levels of Calcium in other three cultivars of sweet potatoes. A comparatively significant level of iron was observed in white skinned sweet potato (Wariyapola white) and orange fleshed CARI 273 than the other two cultivars. A significantly high level (p> 0.05) of Potassium was observed in Wariyapola white and a comparatively lower level was found in the Malaysian cultivar (table 1). A significantly high level (p> 0.05) of Zinc was observed in white skinned sweet potato and CARI 273 cultivar than in Pallepola and the Malaysian cultivar.  Compared to sweet potatoes a high level of Calcium and Magnesium were observed in yams and Kiriala (Table 1). Significant levels of Iron were observed in the yams studied, Kiriala and Swp3 and Swp7 cultivars of sweet potatoes. A high level of Potassium was observed in all the sweet potato cultivars than in yam and Kiriala while a comparatively high level of Zinc was observed in Hingurala, Wariyapola white and CARI 273 of the studied root and tuber crops.  S. A. Senanayake, K. K. D. S. Ranaweera, A. Gunaratne  and A. Bamunuarachchi  29 Conclusions Flours obtained from yams and Xanthosoma sp contained considerable levels of Calcium and Magnesium on dry matter basis compared to the sweet potatoes studied. There was no significant difference in the Calcium, Magnesium and Iron levels in the studied yam varieties and a considerably higher amount of Iron and Magnesium was observed in Rajala and Kiriala respectively than in the other root and tuber crops. A considerably high amount of Potassium was present in all the studied sweet potatoes than in yams and Kiriala. Significant levels of Zinc were observed in Hingurala, white skinned sweet potato and orange fleshed sweet potato compared to other tubers studied.  Acknowledgements The authors thank the Horticultural Crop Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Sri Lanka for providing the samples, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka for providing the financial assistance for this study and also Mr. I. D. Wijesinghe, Dept.of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura for the support extended to carry out this study.  References Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC). 1980 Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, Volume 1. Chandra, A., and Thivari, J.F (1985). Studies on growth, sink and quality parameters in sweet potato (Ipomea batatas Poir). Tropical tuber crops National Symp. (1985),  pp 153 -156.  Hahn, S.K., and Hozyo, Y (1984), The Physiology of Tropical Field Crops. P. R. Goldsworthy and N.M. Fisher(Eds.).pp 551 – 567, John Wiley and Sons, Ins., New York, NY.  Ishida, H., Suzuno, H., Sugiyama, N., Innami, S., Tadokoro, T., and Maekawa, A. 2000. Nutritive evaluation on chemical components of leaves, stalks and stems of sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas Poir). Food Chem. 63: 359 – 367.  Jayakody L, Hoover R Liu Q and Donner E 2007 studies on tuber starches. II. Molecular structure, composition and physicochemical properties of yam Dioscorea sp) starches grown in Sri Lanka, carbohydrate Polymers, 69:  148 - 163.  Jayasuriya, A.H.M.(1995). Dioscoreaceae. In M.D.Dissanayake (Ed), A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon (Vol. IX, pp 47 -80)  Kay.D.E (1973), Root crops, TPI crop and product digest, pp 160 – 167. Oke, O.L. 1990. Nutritive value. Pages 37 – 58, 129 – 130 in: Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition. FAO Food and Nutrition Series, No. 24. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Rome.    Preliminary Study of Mineral Constituents in Selected Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops in Sri Lanka 30 Okwu,D.E., Nadu.C.U., 2006, International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advanced  Onwueme, I.C. (1978). Section C. Sweet potato. in: The Tropical Tuber Crops Yams, Cassava, Sweet potato, Cocoyams. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. Pp 167 – 175. Onwueme,I.C (1982), The Tropical Tuber Crops Yams, Cassava, Sweet potato, Cocoyams, New York, USA, pp 3- 108. 

Preliminary Study of Mineral Constituents in Selected Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops in Sri Lanka

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Preliminary Study of Mineral Constituents in Selected Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops in Sri Lanka

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