This document describes 24 Hawaiian adzes from the collection of B.P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. It supplements and partially reproduces an article by the authors entitled ”Functional classification of Hawaiian curved-edge adzes and gouges” that was published in the Journal of Pacific Archaeology

Dye, Thomas S.

Kahn, Jennifer G.

English

College of William & Mary: W&M Publish

W&M ScholarWorks Arts & Sciences Data Arts and Sciences 7-2-2020 Supplementary Material for a Functional Classification of Hawaiian Curved-Edge Adzes and Gouges Jennifer G. Kahn College of William and Mary, jgkahn01@wm.edu Thomas S. Dye tsd@tsdye.online Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asdata  Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Kahn, Jennifer G. and Dye, Thomas S., "Supplementary Material for a Functional Classification of Hawaiian Curved-Edge Adzes and Gouges" (2020). https://doi.org/10.21220/k6jp-p250 This Data is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts and Sciences at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Data by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@wm.edu. Title SupplementaryMaterial for a Functional Classification of Hawaiian Curved-Edge Adzes andGougesAuthors Thomas S. Dye and Jennifer G. Kahn1IntroductionThis document describes 24 Hawaiian adzes from the collection of B. P. Bishop Museum in Hon-olulu, Hawaiʻi. It supplements and partially reproduces an article by the authors entitled ”Functionalclassification of Hawaiian curved-edge adzes and gouges” that was published in the Journal of Pa-cific Archaeology.Curved-edge Adze DescriptionsTerms for the parts of an adze follow Buck et al. (1930), with the exception that the edge is some-times referred to as the cutting edge for clarity. Terms for orientation follow the scheme set out byGaranger (1972).The cutting edge of an adze can be curved in one or both of two planes, which have been calledcurve A and curve B (Blackwood 1950). Edges with curve A look curved when the tool is viewedin longitudinal plan, while those with curve B look curved when the tool is viewed from the distalend (fig. 1). Edges with curve A are relatively common among Hawaiian adzes, typically becausethe edge of the tool curves back at one or both sides. An edge with curve A might be du to tooldesign or to the practice of resharpening adzes whose once straight edges were damaged at one orboth ends. Edges with curve B are rarer than those with curve A, nevertheless, edges with curveB were almost certainly created by design, rather than from use modification. The 24 Hawaiianadzes that exhibit a curve B edge are referred to here as curved-edge adzes. Although adzes with acurve B edge frequently also exhibit curve A, the presence or absence of curve A is not among theclassification criteria.Figure 1: Cutting edge curves: a, curve A viewed in longitudinal plan; b, curve B viewed from thedistal end with the adze front superior.The adzes described here are identified as Hawaiian in BishopMuseum records, which often relyon information from donors that cannot be verified. The tools are identified by their museum labels,which in most cases are written in India ink directly on the tool. In some cases, a paper label isaffixed to the tool. Some tools exhibit multiple labels, often with different identifiers; in these casesit is usually possible to identify the most recent label, which is the one used to identify the tool.The identifiers on the adze labels vary in their format; those reported here have been normalized2to reflect the convention followed in the digital catalog at Bishop Museum, but the task of joiningthe table of adze data used in this analysis with the digital catalog is not complete. Nevertheless,museum staff recognize this variability and are able to retrieve adzes with the identifiers as reported.05853This untanged, plano-convex section, black adze is polished on the front, sides, and bevel. Thereare small bits of polish on the back of the blade, but its surface is mostly flake scars. The butthas been reduced near the poll, leaving an irregular edge instead of a flat area. The bevel is veryslightly convex, mostly near the edge, which is convex in both planes. This tool is stored with”Stone Chisels” in the Bishop Museum collection. Nevertheless, its curved edge is indicative of agouge, rather than a chisel. The shape of the poll is ill-suited to direct percussion. It is 12.2 cmlong, 1.7 × 2.1 cm at mid-section, and weighs 85 g. The cutting edge measures 1.4 cm.09511This tanged, plano-convex section, grayish brown adze is polished on the front, sides, and the backof the blade. The back of the butt is flake scars, and the poll is finished flat but is not polished.Flakes have been taken from both sides, from the corner of the edge extending onto the front of thetool and from the poll, also extending onto the front of the tool. It is 15.2 cm long, 4.25 × 3.4 cmat mid-section, and weighs 467 g. The cutting edge measures 4.8 cm.10462This untanged, irregularly plano-convex section, heavily patinated, dark gray adze is polished onthe front, sides, and back. It has the slender shape of a gouge. The poll is flat and formed from anend-shock break of a formerly longer tool. There are small flake scars on the sides and back. Thebevel is strongly convex. A bit of paper from an old museum label is present on the front. It is6.5 cm long, 1.2 × 1.6 cm at mid-section, and weighs 32 g. The cutting edge measures 1.2 cm.10602This untanged, irregularly ovoid section, brown adze has the long, slender shape of a gouge. It ispolished over most of its surface, with the exception of the butt, which is mostly polished on thesides. The butt appears to have been prepared for hafting. The back of the butt is flattened andpartially polished. The front of the butt is a scar from a hinge-terminated flake originating at thepoll. The poll is irregular and rounded. The bevel is slightly convex. Most of the edge was takenaway by a flake that originated near its mid-point. It is 11.4 cm long, 1.6 × 2.3 cm at mid-section,and weighs 96 g. The cutting edge measures 1.4 cm.11018This untanged, plano-convex section, very dark gray adze appears to have been re-worked exten-sively to narrow the butt (fig. 2, b). The front and sides of the blade and the bevel are polished,but the rest of the back and the butt are covered with flake scars with small remnant patches of3polish in between scars. The poll is flat but not polished. The tool is widest at the edge and narrowsmarkedly toward the poll. It is 11.4 cm long, 3.65 × 2.5 cm at mid-section, and weighs 258 g. Thecutting edge measures 6.6 cm.Figure 2: Curved-edge adzes and gouge: a, curved-edge adze, B.01799; b, curved-edge adze,11018; c, curved-edge adze, 1970.010.020; d, curved-edge adze, C.08290; e, gouge,70.286.21.1970.010.020This tanged, triangular section, dark gray adze is polished on the front, back, and sides of the blade(see fig. 2, c). The surface of the butt has not been polished. The poll is squared off. Shallowflakes have been removed from the front, sides, and back of the blade, probably through use. Foursmall flake scars originate at the edge. The edge is the widest part of the tool. It is 23.3 cm long,3.55 × 4.5 cm at mid-section, and weighs 1274 g. The cutting edge measures 11.1 cm.1970.286.17This tanged, plano-convex section, grayish brown adze is fully polished on the front and sides ofthe blade and on the convex bevel. A small polished area on the back near the poll indicates thatthe tool was once more completely finished. The back has been greatly reduced by the removalof flakes from most of its surface, and a few small flakes have been removed from the sides. The4poll is pointed. A flake originating at the edge and extending onto the bevel has been glued backin place. A dark rectangular area on the front of the blade is residue from a museum label that isno longer attached. It is 8.4 cm long, 2.35 × 1.9 cm at mid-section, and weighs 78 g. The cuttingedge measures 3.4 cm.1986.602This unusual adze is the longest tool recorded at Bishop Museum. It was found in 100 ft. of wateroff the south coast of Oʻahu Island in 1986 and has been sourced to a quarry on the south coastof Molokaʻi Island (Sinton and Sinoto 2015). This untanged, plano-convex section, gray adze isheavily encrusted with calcareous material from its time in the ocean. The calcareous encrustationmakes it difficult to observe the underlying tool. The blade appears to be polished all over, but thepolish appears not to extend on to the butt. The poll is nearly complete, with a flake missing froma corner with the back. It is 36.8 cm long, 6.3 × 4 cm at mid-section, and weighs 2284 g. Thecutting edge measures 10 cm.25204This untanged, irregularly plano-convex section, very dark gray adze is polished on the front, sides,and back. It has the slender shape of a gouge. The poll is flat and appears to have formed froman end-shock break of a formerly longer tool. The poll is worn, suggesting that the tool remainedin use after the end-shock break. The convex portion of the section is slightly beveled. The toolnarrows at is approaches the edge. There are two remnants of paper labels on the adze. It is 5.4 cmlong, 0.8 × 1.3 cm at mid-section, and weighs 20 g. The cutting edge measures 0.7 cm.70.286.21This untanged, irregularly hexagonal section, dark grayish brown adze is polished all over, includingthe poll (see fig. 2, e). It has the slender shape of a gouge. There are two small flake scars on oneside and one on the poll. The bevel is convex. There is a dark deposit from an old museum labelon the front near the poll. It is 8.7 cm long, 1.35 × 1.5 cm at mid-section, and weighs 49 g. Thecutting edge measures 1.1 cm.70.286.22This untanged, plano-convex section, dark grayish brown adze is polished on the front, sides, andback. It has the slender shape of a gouge. The poll is flat and formed from an end-shock breakof a formerly longer tool. There are flake scars on one side and the back near the poll. The bevelis convex. It is 6.5 cm long, 1.45 × 1.6 cm at mid-section, and weighs 39 g. The cutting edgemeasures 1.6 cm.B.00524This tanged, quadrangular section, gray brown adze is polished on the front and sides of the bladean on the bevel. The butt is not polished. The poll is flat and intact. A few small flakes have been5detached from the front, both sides, and the bevel of the blade, but the adze is otherwise in goodcondition. There are a few small chips from the edge, which reveal a dark gray rock. The edgeis very slight convex, as is the front of the blade. The plan of the tool flares moderately towardthe edge. It is 30.5 cm long, 6.05 × 5.9 cm at mid-section, and weighs 2682 g. The cutting edgemeasures 9.8 cm.B.01695This tanged, quadrangular section, grayish brown adze is polished on the front of the blade, oneside, and the bevel. The butt is not polished. The poll is flat and intact. Several flakes have beenremoved from one side of the blade, leaving a small patch of polish near the edge. The back of thetool is formed by a single flake scar. There are small chips along the edge, one of which reveals avery dark gray rock. In plan, the tool flares slightly toward the edge, which is the widest part. Thefront of the blade is slightly convex. It is 24.4 cm long, 6.8 × 3.7 cm at mid-section, and weighs250 g. The cutting edge measures 10 cm.B.01799This hoof-shaped adze with a plano-convex transverse section has a reduced, triangular-section buttthat shows traces of light polishing, but whose surface is primarily flake scars (see fig. 2, a). Thepoll is irregular and in plan does not form a right angle with the longitudinal section. The color ofthe rock is gray (N5/) and the tool has a reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6) patina common on artifactsfound on the surface where there is red soil. The blade is fully polished on the front and the back.The edge is curved in both A and B sections, consistent with its classification as hoof-shaped. It is10.4 cm long, 2.75 × 2.4 cm at mid-section, and weighs 167 g. The cutting edge measures 5.4 cm.B.02501This tanged, quadrangular section, dark grayish brown adze is polished on the front of the bladeand the bevel, with some patches of polish on both the sides. The butt is shiny on high points,perhaps from the haft, but is otherwise unpolished. The poll is nearly flat and intact. In plan, thetool widens toward the edge, which is the widest part. The front of the blade is slightly convex.There are some small chips in the edge, which reveal a very dark gray rock. The back and sidesappear to have been worked slightly with a metal tool, which has left shallow striations in the rock.It is 27.2 cm long, 6.65 × 4.4 cm at mid-section, and weighs 2150 g. The cutting edge measures11 cm.B.08629This untanged, circular section, very dark gray adze is polished on the front, sides, and back. It hasthe slender shape of a gouge. The color has a slightly reddish cast, perhaps from exposure to highheat. There is a deposit of hardened material on one side near the poll that might represent materialmelted in a fire. The poll is flat near the center, but has been diminished by three or four flakes thathave broken away the edges. The bevel is flat and most of the edge has been chipped away. The6tool was broken about a quarter of the way back from the edge and has been glued together. It is10.5 cm long, 1.65 × 1.9 cm at mid-section, and weighs 66 g. The cutting edge measures 1 cm.B.09360This untanged, irregular section, dark gray adze was fashioned from a thin flake blank. It is polishedon the front, both sides, and the bevel, which is irregularly shaped due to a flake scare that runsalong the back of the tool and makes it concave. The poll is flaked on either side, possibly forlashing. The cutting edge is angled and slightly convex when viewed end on. This appears to bea case of a convex edge shape being determined by the form of the raw material, rather than thedesign and work of a craftsman. It is 4.1 cm long, 2 × 0.7 cm at mid-section, and weighs 15 g. Thecutting edge measures 3.1 cm.C.02493This untanged, nearly circular section, black adze is polished on the front, sides, and back. It hasthe slender shape of a gouge. The bevel and the front near the edge are highly polished, perhapsfrom use. The poll is flat and formed from an end-shock break of a formerly longer tool. There isa flake scar on the back at the end-shock break. The circular section is slightly beveled; striationsindicate the bevel was finished by moving a rough surface over the tool in a latitudinal direction.The bevel is strongly convex. It is 4.3 cm long, 1.2 × 1.4 cm at mid-section, and weighs 16 g. Thecutting edge measures 1.1 cm.C.08290This untanged, plano-convex section, dark grayish brown adze is polished on most of the front, onthe sides near the edge, and on the bevel (see fig. 2, d). Flakes have been taken off both sides tonarrow the butt. The front is reduced near the poll, which is small and irregular. Both the frontand back of this tool are curved. It is 8.6 cm long, 2.95 × 2.6 cm at mid-section, and weighs 64 g.The cutting edge measures 3.2 cm.C.09063This untanged, irregularly plano-convex section, black adze is polished on the front, sides, andback. It has the slender shape of a gouge. The poll is flat and formed from an end-shock break of aformerly longer tool. There are flake scars on the sides and back of the adze. The bevel is slightlyconvex, primarily near the edge. It is 6.4 cm long, 1.3 × 1.7 cm at mid-section, and weighs 38 g.The cutting edge measures 1.5 cm.C.09210This untanged, plano-convex section, grayish brown adze appears to have been fully polished onthe front, sides, and bevel. The bevel is convex. The back surface is mostly flake scars. Shallowflakes have been taken off both sides and several deep flakes from the butt end of the front. Thepoll is squared off but not polished. The tool widens toward the edge. The cutting edge is convex7in both planes, and is somewhat dull. There is quite a bit of abrasion, probably modern, at the edgeof the bevel. It is 9.8 cm long, 3.8 × 2.3 cm at mid-section, and weighs 190 g. The cutting edgemeasures 5.3 cm.D.00073This untanged black adze is highly polished on the front, sides, and the bevel of the blade. Theback of the blade is polished in the middle, with a series of small flake scars on one side and alarge, deep flake scar on the other. The butt is partially polished, but most of its surface is takenup by flake scars. The poll is uneven. The transverse section is plano-convex. The edge is convexin both dimensions, with chips missing from the corners and the middle. The bevel is very slightlyconvex, mostly near the edge, and the rest of the bevel is nearly flat. It is 7.7 cm long, 2.7 × 2 cmat mid-section, and weighs 74 g. The cutting edge measures 3.5 cm.D.00435This untanged, irregular section, very dark gray adze has a surface almost completely covered withflake scars. Polish is restricted to the vicinity of the edge; the bevel is almost fully polished, butthere is only a thin band of polish on the front. Several large flakes on one side of the butt havegreatly reduced the width of the tool. The poll is thin. The edge is convex in both planes, but theB curve is somewhat irregular. The bevel is very slightly convex. It is 7.3 cm long, 2.3 × 1.4 cm atmid-section, and weighs 39 g. The cutting edge measures 2.8 cm.Oa-109This plano-convex section, black adze is reduced at the butt with a series of flakes that appear tohave originated at the poll, which is thin and irregular as a result. The front and sides of the bladeand the bevel are mostly polished, except where there are post-polish flake scars. The back ofthe blade and butt are marked by flake scars; a flake that apparently originates from the side hasgreatly reduced the thickness of the butt. The edge is convex in both planes. It is 7.1 cm long,2.35 × 1.1 cm at mid-section, and weighs 35 g. The cutting edge measures 2.7 cm.8ReferencesBlackwood, B. 1950. The Technology of a Modern Stone Age People in New Guinea. OccasionalPapers on Technology 3. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Buck, P. H., K. P. Emory, H. D. Skinner, and J. F. G. Stokes. 1930. “Terminology for GroundStone Cutting-Implements in Polynesia.” Journal of the Polynesian Society 39 (2): 174–180.Garanger, J. 1972. “Herminettes lithiques Océaniennes: Éléments de typologie.” Journal de la So-ciété des Océanistes 28 (36): 254–274.Sinton, J. M., and Y. H. Sinoto. 2015. “Geochemical and petrographic evidence for adze productionat Pu‘u Pāpa‘i, East Moloka‘i, Hawai‘i.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 4:401–408.9

Supplementary Material for a Functional Classification of Hawaiian Curved-Edge Adzes and Gouges

https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=asdata

Supplementary Material for a Functional Classification of Hawaiian Curved-Edge Adzes and Gouges

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

College of William & Mary: W&M Publish