Hamada N.

Manti L.

Schaue D.

English

Archivio della ricerca - Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II

EDITORIALpublished: 15 November 2021doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.777164Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 1 November 2021 | Volume 9 | Article 777164Edited and reviewed by:Dariusz Leszczynski,University of Helsinki, Finland*Correspondence:Nobuyuki Hamadahamada-n@criepi.denken.or.jpSpecialty section:This article was submitted toRadiation and Health,a section of the journalFrontiers in Public HealthReceived: 15 September 2021Accepted: 07 October 2021Published: 15 November 2021Citation:Manti L, Schaue D and Hamada N(2021) Editorial: Ionizing Radiation andHuman Health: A MultifacetedRelationship.Front. Public Health 9:777164.doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.777164Editorial: Ionizing Radiation andHuman Health: A MultifacetedRelationshipLorenzo Manti 1,2, Dörthe Schaue 3 and Nobuyuki Hamada 4*1 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy, 2 Radiation Biophysics Laboratory, Departmentof Physics “E. Pancini,” Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy, 3Department of Radiation Oncology, David GeffenSchool of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States, 4 Radiation Safety Unit,Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute ofElectric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Komae, Tokyo, JapanKeywords: ionizing radiation (IR), normal tissue adverse events, radiotherapy, BNCT (boron neutron capturetherapy), FLASH, radiosensitizer, nanoparticlesEditorial on the Research TopicIonizing Radiation and Human Health: A Multifaceted RelationshipIonizing radiation is indispensable in medicine (diagnostically and therapeutically) and industry,and humans are exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) at varying doses and dose rates. This ResearchTopic, entitled “Ionizing Radiation and Human Health: A Multifaceted Relationship,” presents theopportunity to gather novel insights into what is essentially a very diverse field, encompassingseveral disciplines and broad expertise. It was proposed with the aim to collect studies withrelevance to human health, such as cancer or non-cancer risk associated with IR exposure, alongwith up-to-date perspectives on strategies to increase the therapeutic benefit for the treatment ofmalignant or benign diseases, studies with a focus on innovative aspects in radiation protection ormitigation and radiotherapy, and animal-based or mathematical models for a better understandingof radiation responses at cellular, tissue/organ, or systemic levels. This Research Topic consists of 27papers (three Review articles, one Mini Review article, one Perspective article, 20 Original Researcharticles, one Methods article, and one Brief Research Report article) published in the RadiationOncology section of Frontiers in Oncology or in the Radiation and Health section of Frontiers inPublic Health. Of these, many papers were submitted in conjunction with the 45th Annual Meetingof the European Radiation Research Society (ERRS) held in Lund, Sweden on September 13–17,2020. Provided below is a brief outline of these papers.There have been immense developments in various radiotherapeutic modalities. Of these,boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is one of the most effective therapeutic modalitiesfor treating locally invasive and/or radioresistant malignant tumors thanks to the largeneutron-capture cross sections of 10B along with the short ranges of their high-linearenergy transfer (LET) secondary particles (1). Maliszewska-Olejniczak et al. review molecularmechanisms of DNA damage response and repair during BNCT. Bláha et al. proposean approach conceptually similar to that of BNCT, termed proton boron capture therapy(PBCT), as a strategy to make proton therapy amenable toward radiotherapy-resilienttumors, toward which proton therapy is of little avail in spite of its physical advantagesin terms of tumor-conformed precision in dose deposition and sparing of normal tissue.Manti et al. Editorial: Ionizing Radiation and Human HealthPBCT would exploit the highly DNA-damaging secondaryparticles generated by the reaction between low-energy protonsand 11B.There is a revival in the interest of using ultra-high doserate IR exposure, a field that has been long neglected, buthas come under the public eye for the promising resultsshown by the so-called FLASH radiotherapy. This consists ofadministering therapeutic doses at very high dose rates (over40Gy s−1) which has been shown to increase sparing of normaltissues, possibly due to oxygen depletion and transient hypoxiawhile unchanging local tumor control, thereby improving thetherapeutic index over radiotherapy carried out at conventionaldose rates (i.e., at a few Gy min−1). Adrian et al. reportthat a FLASH effect appears at low doses under normoxicconditions for several cell lines in vitro with Konradsson et al.adding their experience of veterinary FLASH radiotherapy incanine patients. Radioimmunotherapy is an increasingly usedstrategy. Medler et al. define radioimmunogenic tumors thatare responsive to immunotherapy combined with radiation.Lai et al. show that tumor immunogenicity is the dominantcharacteristic that could predict the abscopal effect of localradiotherapy. Bermúdez-Guzmán et al. address the questionof circadian-based therapy and the timing of radiotherapyfor treatment outcome. Paunesku et al. report on the useof X-ray fluorescence microscopy to evaluate the location ofmicrospheres and radionuclides in liver and tumor samplesfollowing radioembolization in animal models of hepatocellularcarcinoma. Li et al. performed a longitudinal quality-of-life studyduring concurrent chemoradiotherapy and survival in patientswith advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Tumor radiosensitization is very important to improve thetherapeutic index, and several novel physics and biology-based strategies are explored. To this end, Cunningham etal. demonstrate sensitization to protons by very small goldnanoparticles. Miles et al. review mouse double minute (MDM)inhibitors as radiosensitizers in the context of glioblastoma,while Nikolakopoulou et al. propose inhibitors of the Ataxiatelangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia-Rad3related kinase (ATR), and the checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1)as radiosensitizers.In terms of modeling of IR responses at a cellular andsubcellular level, Guardamagna et al. propose a unified molecularmodel of the chain of events initiated by radiation to interpretall experimental results in cancer cells. Rudigkeit et al. proposea deep-learning algorithm to detect and analyze cells duringphase-contrast microscopy. Finally, McMahon and Prise putforward the application of amechanistic DNA repair and survivalmodel (Medras) for intrinsic radiosensitivity, relative biologicaleffectiveness, and dose rates.Normal tissue reactions following radiation exposure (e.g., ofbrain and heart) remain a significant concern (2–4). Zhao et al.propose global functional connectivity density to predictradiation encephalopathy at a pre-symptomatic stage. Grigorievareviewed our current understanding of radiation effects onthe brain extracellular matrix. Azimzadeh et al. show data forproteomic change in the serum following local heart irradiationin mice. Montay-Gruel et al. demonstrate that systemic deliveryof extracellular vesicles derived from human embryonic stemcells ameliorates radiation-induced normal tissue complicationsin the lung. Yang et al. estimated the risk of second primaryrectal cancer following radiation therapy for pelvic cancer. Zhaoet al. report that miR-486 inhibits the proliferation of lymphomacells and tumorigenesis induced by radiation. In addition tothe aforementioned studies on tissue level changes, five papersaddressed radiation-induced cytogenetic, or genotoxic changes.Bogdanova et al. show that DNA double-strand break repair focipersist in breast epithelial cells and lymphocytes after repeatedexposure to diagnostic CT scans. Belmans et al. report thatlow dose irradiation leads to increases in DNA double-strandbreak repair foci in dental mesenchymal stromal cells. Habibiet al. demonstrate cytogenetic or genotoxic changes in bloodlymphocytes following interventional cardiology procedures.Alsbeih et al. report the establishment of the national referencedose-response calibration curve of Saudi Arabia for dicentricsin peripheral lymphocytes to estimate radiation dose followingaccidental exposures. For the purpose of a rapid radiation triage,Maltar-Strmečki et al. propose the use of salty crackers asdosimeters. Pertinent to microbeam radiotherapy, Lobachevskyet al. assessed DNA damage response in non-targeted cells butreceiving signals from irradiated cells.The Editors of this Research Topic are grateful to alldistinguished authors for their invaluable contributions and areindebted to the expert reviewers for their time, dedication, andconstructive comments. We wish to acknowledge the RadiationOncology section of Frontiers in Oncology and the Radiation andHealth section of Frontiers in Public Health for the opportunityto guest edit this Research Topic. Many thanks also go tothe ERRS2020 Organizing Committee for the tie-in with thisResearch Topic.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSNH drafted editorial and LM and DS commented on it. Allauthors contributed to guest editing the Research Topic.FUNDINGLM acknowledges financial support from INFN-fundedCall NEPTUNE (Nuclear process-driven Enhancementof Proton Therapy UNravEled) and MIUR PRIN PBCT(Proton Boron Capture Therapy) 2017XKWWK9.The work of DS was supported by the NIH withNCI R01CA226875 (PI DS) and NIAID U01AI148322(PI DS).Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 2 November 2021 | Volume 9 | Article 777164Manti et al. Editorial: Ionizing Radiation and Human HealthREFERENCES1. Sato T, Masunaga SI, Kumada H, Hamada N. Microdosimetric modelingof biological effectiveness for boron neutron capture therapy consideringintra- and intercellular heterogeneity in 10B distribution. Sci Rep. (2018)8:988. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18871-02. Pasqual E, Boussin F, Bazyka D, Nordenskjold A, Yamada M, Ozasa K, etal. Cognitive effects of low dose of ionizing radiation—lessons learned andresearch gaps from epidemiological and biological studies. Environ Int. (2021)147:106295. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.1062953. Tapio S, Little MP, Kaiser JC, Impens N, Hamada N, GeorgakilasAG, et al. Ionizing radiation-induced circulatory and metabolicdiseases. Environ Int. (2021) 146:106235. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.1062354. Hamada N, Kawano KI, Nomura T, Furukawa K, Yusoff FM,Maruhashi T, et al.Vascular damage in the aorta of wild-type mice exposed to ionizing radiation:sparing and enhancing effects of dose protraction. Cancers. (2021) 13:5344.doi: 10.3390/cancers13215344Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in theabsence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as apotential conflict of interest.Publisher’s Note: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authorsand do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those ofthe publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated inthis article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed orendorsed by the publisher.Copyright © 2021 Manti, Schaue and Hamada. This is an open-access articledistributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided theoriginal author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the originalpublication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with theseterms.Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 3 November 2021 | Volume 9 | Article 777164

Editorial: Ionizing Radiation and Human Health: A Multifaceted Relationship

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Editorial: Ionizing Radiation and Human Health: A Multifaceted Relationship

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