In this paper, we present an antenna design for multiband
applications which can cover the GSM 900 (890-960 MHz),
DCS (1710– 1880 MHz) and PCS (1850–1990 MHz), UMTS (1920–
2170 MHz), and WLAN2.4GHz (2400-2484MHz) frequency bands.
A prototype is built and measured. Results of return loss, radiation
patterns, and efficiency are given. The antenna is small, cheap to
manufacture, has a low profile and would be suitable for wearable
applications, mobile phones and base stations

Lei Ma (221178)

R.M. Edwards (7204640)

W.G. Whittow (1223946)

English

Loughborough University Institutional Repository

   This item was submitted to Loughborough’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) by the author and is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions.      For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/  A Multi-band Printed Monopole Antenna L. Ma#1, R. M. Edwards#2 and W.G.Whittow#3 #Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Loughborough University Leicestershire, UK, LE11 3TU 1L.Ma@lboro.ac.uk, 2R.M.Edwards@lboro.ac.uk, 3W.G.Whittow@lboro.ac.uk   Abstract— In this paper, we present an antenna design for multi-band applications which can cover the GSM 900 (890-960 MHz), DCS (1710– 1880 MHz) and PCS (1850–1990 MHz), UMTS (1920–2170 MHz), and WLAN2.4GHz (2400-2484MHz) frequency bands. A prototype is built and measured. Results of return loss, radiation patterns, and efficiency are given. The antenna is small, cheap to manufacture, has a low profile and would be suitable for wearable applications, mobile phones and base stations. I. INTRODUCTION With the development of wireless communications, integration becomes a trend to accommodate the rapidly increasing amount of electronic components. To reduce the complexity and cost of the integration, devices which can fulfil many roles are becoming popular. Multi-band antennas are such a solution for this trend as they increase the flexibility and functionality of devices. Many different designs of multi-band antennas can be found in [1] - [4]. Printed monopoles have wideband performance and nearly omni-directional radiation patterns which are suitable for mobile phones, base stations, and other personal communications.  II. ANTENNA DESIGN The size and shape of the ground plane affects the monopole antenna’s performance [5]. However, in practice the shape of the monopole has more a dominant effect. In [6], the author presented a printed triangular monopole which had a bandwidth of 32.5%. In [7], the authors analyzed the performance of a rectangular monopole by changing the size of a rectangular monopole and its distance above the ground plane. Therefore, adjusting the shape of a monopole is very important technique to achieve the desired results.  In our design, a rectangular monopole was used as the initial design. The dimensions are shown in Fig. 1(a). A FR4 board with permittivity 4.5 was used as the substrate. All the simulations were done with Microstripes 3D electromagnetic simulation software. The rectangular antenna has a bandwidth from 2.5GHz to 3.1GHz (about 23.3%) which is located in the antenna’s anti-resonance region, see Fig.2. While due to the low real part and capacitive imaginary part of the impedance caused by the small ground plane, the resonance area (1.6GHz-2.1GHz) has a worse match. To counteract this effect without increasing the ground plane size or adding an extra matching circuit, two 12mm long wings are added to the ground plane. See Fig. 1(b). The two resonant modes of the simulated return loss of the “winged” monopole have been combined together and its bandwidth is increased to cover the range 1.31GHz to 2.46GHz (61%), see Fig.2. To further extend its applications to a lower band at 900MHz, two slots were added to the rectangular monopole to increase its electrical length without increasing the overall size of the antenna, shown in Fig. 1(b). By tuning the size and position of the slots, a strong current can be excited along the slots to resonate around 900MHz.    Fig.1. (a) Rectangular monopole and (b) with added wings and slots  -25-20-15-10-500 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5Frequency (GHz)Return Loss (dB) Fig.2. Simulated results comparing a rectangular monopole (grey) and a “winged” rectangular monopole (black). These results are before the slots have been added 962Authorized licensed use limited to: LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 24, 2009 at 07:11 from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply. III. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS Using the dimensions in Fig. 1(b), a prototype antenna was built. Its simulated and measured return losses are shown in Fig. 3. The effect of adding the slots can be seen by comparing the differences around 900MHz in Fig.2 and Fig.3. The slots produce a working band for GSM 900MHz (simulation: 0.87GHz-1GHz, measurement: 0.90-1.04GHz). The small difference between simulation and measurement can be further reduced by tuning the slots. In addition, it is found that the wings have improved the return loss at 900MHz, see Fig.3. Furthermore, due to the effects of the slots, the higher working band has been slightly shifted up to a higher frequency band (simulation: 1.68GHz-2.53GHz, measurement: 1.62GHz-2.58GHz) and now covers the DCS, PCS, UMTS, and WLAN2.4GHz applications.  Monopole antennas have omni-directional radiation patterns which are suitable for base station or indoor applications. For this multi-band monopole, omni-directional radiation patterns are observed from both simulations and measurements of the prototype at all five frequency bands. Six measured patterns, at 900MHz, 1.8GHz, 2.4GHz, are shown in Fig.4 and Fig.5. The 900MHz pattern was isotropic in the YZ plane, while there were minor nulls in the ±Y direction at higher frequencies. The efficiency measured in the RF anechoic chamber is 53.68%, 69.24%, 69.06% for 900MHz, 1.8GHz, and 2.4 GHz respectively.  -40-30-20-1000 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5Frequency (GHz)Retrun Loss (dB)Simulation without wings Simulation with wingsMeasurement without wingsMeasurement with wings Fig. 3. Return losses for the multi-band monopole with slots and with/without wings  IV. CONCLUSION In this paper we introduce a novel method to design a multi-band monopole antenna. By adding two slots to a rectangular monopole and two wings to the ground plane, an antenna which can cover GSM 900 (880–960 MHz), DCS (1710– 1880 MHz) and PCS (1850–1990 MHz), UMTS (1920–2170 MHz), and WLAN 2.4GHz (2400-2484MHz) is simulated and measured. This antenna has omni-directional radiation patterns and good efficiency which make it suitable in many communication applications.   REFERENCES [1] Kin-Lu Wong, Gwo-Yun Lee, Tzung-Wern Chiou: “A low-profile planar                    monopole antenna for multiband operation of mobile handsets”, Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on Volume 51,  Issue 1, Jan. 2003. pp.121 - 125  [2] Shyh-Tirng Fang, Meng-Hann Shieh: ‘Compact monopole antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS mobile phone’, Microwave Conference Proceedings, 2005. APMC 2005. Asia-Pacific Conference Proceedings Volume 4, Dec. 2005, pp. 4-7  [3] Seol, K., Jung. J., Choi, J.: ‘Multi-band monopole antenna with inverted U-shaped parasitic plane’, Electronics Letters Volume 42, Issue 15, 20 July 2006, pp. 844 – 845  [4] I-Fong Chen, Chia-Mei Peng: ‘Microstrip-fed dual-U-shaped printed monopole antenna for dual-band wireless communication applications’, Electronics Letters Volume 39, Issue 13, 26 June 2003, pp. 955 - 956  [5] Tsachtsiris, G.; Soras, C.; Karaboikis, M.; Makios, V.: ‘Ground plane effect on the performance of a printed Minkowski monopole antenna’, Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, 2003. ICECom 2003. 17th International Conference on 1-3 Oct. 2003, pp.197 - 200 [6] Kin-Lu Wong; Yi-Fang Lin: ‘Stripline-fed printed triangular monopole’, Electronics Letters, Volume 33, Issue 17, 14 Aug. 1997, pp. 1428 – 1429,  [7] Jone, M., Ammann, M. J.: ‘Optimization of impedance bandwidth for the printed rectangular monopole antenna’, microwave and optical technology letters, vol. 47, no. 2, October 20 2005 963Authorized licensed use limited to: LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 24, 2009 at 07:11 from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply. 900MHz XZ Plane-30-20-1000°45°90°135°180°(-180°)-135°-90°-45°Co-Polar Cross-Polar  1.8GHz XZ Plane-50-40-30-20-1000°45°90°135°180°(-180°)-135°-90°-45°Co-Polar Cross-Polar  2.4GHz XZ Plane-50-40-30-20-1000°45°90°135°180°(-180°)-135°-90°-45°Co-Polar Cross-Polar Fig. 4. Measured radiation patterns in the XZ plane for the wearable multi-band antenna in free space at (a) 900MHz, (b) 1.8GHz and (c) 2.4GHz 900MHz YZ Plane-30-20-1000°45°90°135°180°(-180°)-135°-90°-45°Co-Polar Cross-Polar  1.8GHz YZ Plane-50-40-30-20-1000°45°90°135°180°(-180°)-135°-90°-45°Co-Polar Cross-Polar  2.4GHz YZ Plane-60-40-2000°45°90°135°180°(-180°)-135°-90°-45°Co-Polar Cross-Polar Fig. 5. Measured radiation patterns in the YZ plane for the wearable multi-band antenna in free space at (a) 900MHz, (b) 1.8GHz and (c) 2.4GHz 964Authorized licensed use limited to: LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 24, 2009 at 07:11 from IEEE Xplore.  Restrictions apply. 

A multi-band printed monopole antenna

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A multi-band printed monopole antenna

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