Alpinia sessilis J. Koenig; Kaempferia humilis Salisb.; Kaempferia latifolia Donn ex Hornem.; Kaempferia plantaginifolia Salisb.; Kaempferia procumbens Noronha; Kaempferia rotunda Blanco (POWO 2019

A Rahmi

C Picheansoonthon

CAV Abellera

CO Delang

D Gholib

D Lakshmanan

D Pandiangan

EA Santoso

F Chassagne

GAE Oktavia

H Ibrahim

HG Ong

JM Dubost

JS Angagan

KP Kochuthressia

M Silalahi

MI Umar

MM Rubio

MNI Bhuiyan

PR Dash

R Ali

R Othman

R Pitopang

RG Maghirang

S Tewtrakul

W Delin

W Sirisangtragul

W Sumarni

XC Liu

Silalahi, Marina

Universitas Kristen Indonesia: Institutional Repository

Kaempferia galanga L.ZingiberaceaeMarina SilalahiSynonymsAlpinia sessilis J. Koenig; Kaempferia humilis Salisb.; Kaempferia latifolia Donn exHornem.; Kaempferia plantaginifolia Salisb.; Kaempferia procumbens Noronha;Kaempferia rotunda Blanco (POWO 2019)Local NamesLao: ‘van ‘hom, varn horm. Indonesia: cekur, kencur (general), bataka (NorthSulawesi, Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera), cekuh (Balinese), cokur (Dayak Tomun),hasihor (Batak Toba), hasohor (Batak Simalungun), keceur (Phakpak), keciwer(Batak Karo), kinsuli (Sanger). Malaysia: cekur, cekur Java, cengkur (Peninsular).Philippines: gisol (general), disok (Iloko), dusol (Tagalog, Cotabato, Laguna), dutui(Conner, Apayao), kesul (South, Central Mindano), kusol (Ati Negrito). Thailand:pro hom (general), homproh (Central) waam hom, waaam teen din (Northern).Vietnam: dia li[eef]n, s[ow]n nai, tam n[aj]i. English: galangal (Abellera et al.2019; Angagan et al. 2010; Delang 2007; Ibrahim 1999; Maghirang et al. 2018;Oktavia et al. 2017; Ong and Kim 2014; Picheansoonthon and Koonterm 2008;Pandiangan et al. 2019; Rubio and Naive 2018; Santoso et al. 2019; Silalahi et al.2018; Wakhidah et al. 2017).M. Silalahi (*)Biology Education Department, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta Timur, Indonesiae-mail: marina.silalahi@uki.ac.id; marina_biouki@yahoo.com© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020F. M. Franco (ed.), Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Southeast Asia,Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14116-5_87-11Botany and EcologyDescription: Rhizomes pale green or greenish white inside, tuberous, fragrant.Leaves usually 2–3(5) sheaths 1.5–5 cm long, blade often horizontal and appressedto the soil, broadly elliptical to suborbicular, 6–15 cm  2(5)–10 cm, acuminate,glabrous above, arachnoid-hairy below. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems,enclosed by imbricate leaf sheaths, sessile, few to many flowered, bracts lanceolate2.5 cm long. Calyx equaling bracts 2–3 cm long, corolla white, tube 2.5–5 cm long,lobes 1.5–3 cm long halfway or more, white or pale purple with violet to purple spotat base, each lateral lobe about 2–2.5 cm 1.5–2 cm long, other staminodes oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, 1.5–3 cm long, white fertile stamen 10–13 cm long,connective deeply bilobed with reflexed lobes. Anther sessile; connective appendagestrongly reflexed, rectangular, 2-lobed (Ibrahim 1999; Delin and Larsen 2000)(Figs. 1 and 2).Distribution and Habitat: K. galanga thrives best in slightly shaded places suchas open forest edges, and bamboo forest on various soils up to 1000 m altitude(Ibrahim 1999). This taxon is distributed over a wide range: from India to Myanmar,China, Thailand, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, and Java (Picheansoonthon andKoonterm 2008).Local Medicinal UsesCambodia: K. galanga is a medicinal plant used to treat most common ailmentssuch as cold, fever, and malaria by the Bunong people in Mondulkiri province(Chassagne et al. 2016). Lao: The medicinal plant traders in the traditional marketof Vientiane province prescribe root decoction to treat headache, to make perfume,Fig. 1 Kaempferia galangaL. (ZINGIBERACEAE).JAKARTA, Indonesia. (Photo© M. Silalahi)2 M. Silalahiand to attract girls (Delang 2007). The rhizome is used to treat slow digestion,dyspepsia, bloating after eating, and swollen stomach by local people in Vientiane(Dubost et al. 2019). Indonesia: Batak ethnic community in North Sumatra provinceuse rhizomes as an ingredient of traditional steam bath (oukup), and to treat diarrhea,malnutrition, rheumatism, and stomachache (Silalahi and Nisyawati 2019). TheBatak Simalungun sub-ethnic in North Sumatra use rhizome concoctions to curecough, asthma, digestive tract disorders, rheumatism, aphrodisiac, fever, and mal-nutrition (Silalahi et al. 2015). The rhizomes have been used to treat fever, hyper-tension, and in baby care by Sanger ethnic community of North Sulawesi(Pandiangan et al. 2019). The local communities in Halmahera in the North Moluc-cas use rhizomes as an ingredient of herbal drink used in oke sow ceremony (pubertyceremony) (Wakhidah et al. 2017). The Balinese mix it with wine for treating skindiseases, and as rheumatic pain relievers (Oktavia et al. 2017). The Dayak Tomuncommunity in Central Kalimantan use rhizomes in pregnancy and postpartumhealthcare. The leaves and rhizome are mixed with rice birdlime and pounded. Itis then smeared on the head and stomach (Santoso et al. 2019). Indigenous groups atLore Lindu National Park of Central Sulawesi use rhizomes to treat fever and vertigo(Pitopang et al. 2019). Malaysia: The rhizomes are used to cure hypertension,swelling, ulcer, sprain, and asthma; leaves and rhizomes are chewed to cure coughand sore throat. The rhizomes are also used in postpartum care, and fever (Ibrahim1999). Malay people of Negeri Sembilan use rhizomes as a main ingredient oftraditional bath (mandiserom) during postpartum care (Othman et al. 2014). Philip-pines: The Ati Negrito people in Guimaras use poultice of rhizomes to treat injuriesfrom plant thorns or spines. Heated and pounded leaves are rubbed externally to treatFig. 2 Flower of KaempferiagalangaL. (ZINGIBERACEAE).JAKARTA, Indonesia. (Photo© M. Silalahi)Kaempferia galanga L. 3sudden cough (Ong and Kim 2014). The local communities in North Cotabato ofMindanao use the rhizome and leaf extract poultice to treat bleeding wounds,mumps, and prickle (Rubio and Naive 2018). The local people in Laguna provinceuse leaf decoction to treat skin diseases (Abellera et al. 2019). Thailand: In Thaitraditional medicine, rhizomes are used to treat hypertension, asthma, rheumatism,digestive tract disorders, headache, and stomachache (Sirisangtragul andSripanidkulchai 2011).PhytochemistryLeaves: The main chemical constituents of leaves extracted through hydro distilla-tion are linoleoyl chloride, caryophyllene oxide, cubenol, and caryophyllene(Bhuiyan et al. 2008). Rhizomes: The rhizomes contain monoterpenoids,sesquiterpenoids, and phenylpropanoids (Liu et al. 2014). The volatile oil fromrhizome contains ethyl-trans-p-methoxycinnamate and trans-ethyl cinnamate(Tewtrakul et al. 2005; Raina and Abraham 2015), methylcinnamate, carvone,eucalyptol, and pentadecane (Tewtrakul et al. 2005), 2-propenoic acid,3-(4-methoxyphenyl), ethyl ester, phthalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl2-ethylhexyl ester,palmitate acid, sandaracopimaradiene, oleate acid, oktadekanoate acid, 2-[2-(4-non-ylphenoxy)ethoxy]ethanol, and glycidyl stearate (Ali et al. (2018). Tricyclene,α-pinene, camphene, δ-3-carene, β-cymene, 1,8-cineole, chrysanthenone, trans-pinocarveol, camphor, borneol, p-cymen-8-ol, eucarvone, p-anisaldehyde, trans-cinnamaldehyde, bornyl acetate, sabinyl acetate, α-copaene, cyperene, ɤ-elemene,trans-ethyl cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, ɤ-muurolene, δ-cadinene, calamenene,spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, zierone, and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate arereported from rhizome essential oil (Liu et al. 2014).K. galanga shows antineoplastic activity against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma(EAC) cells in vivo (Ali et al. 2018), and its ethanol extract showed toxicity tohuman carcinoma cells (HeLa) (CD50 10–30% μg/ml) (Ibrahim 1999). Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) has antiangiogenic (Umar et al. 2012), antibacterial,and antituberculosis properties (Lakshmanan et al. 2011). Rhizome extract inhibitsgrowth of bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Lakshmanan et al. 2011),Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter aerogens. It also inhibited growth of Klebsiellapneumoniae, Vibrio cholera, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Kochuthressia et al. 2012),yeast (Candida albicans) (Rahmi et al. 2016; Kochuthressia et al. 2012), Aspergillusniger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus (Kochuthressia et al. 2012), and Cryptococcus neo-formans (Gholib 2009). Dash et al. (2015) reported that extract of rhizomes at doseof 400 μg/disc has moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, compared to ciprofloxacin (5 μg/disc). The EPMC inhibits growthof M. tuberculosis H37Ra, H37Rv (clinical isolates are sensitive and resistant tocommercial drugs) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.242–0.485 mM(Lakshmanan et al. 2011), and C. albicans in vitro with MIC 50 mg/ml and aminimum kill concentration 60 mg/ml (Rahmi et al. 2016).4 M. SilalahiLocal Food UsesIndonesia: Rhizomes are used as spice in preparations such as pecel or gado-gado(vegetable salad); its shoots/young leaves are cooked as vegetables. Thailand: Therhizomes and leaves are used as a spice in local Thai delicacies. The rhizomestogether with chilies and other ingredients are mixed and ground into a paste, andused as a base for making curry. The leaves are washed and cut into very thin piecesand used for seasoning curry (Picheansoonthon and Koonterm 2008). Philippines:Local people in South Central Mindanao use leaves as flavoring agents in cookedrice (Maghirang et al. 2018).Biocultural ImportanceIndonesia: It is one of most important plant in Batak traditional medicine, formingone of the five species of kesaya silima lima (five main plants in traditionalmedicine), and hosaya sitolu-tolu (three main plants in traditional medicine; BatakKaro) (Silalahi 2014). The jamu beras kencur ( jamu ¼ fresh traditional concoctiondrinks; beras ¼ rice; kencur ¼ galangal), a Javanese heritage formulation has beenlong used to maintain health and stamina (Sumarni et al. 2019).Economic ImportanceIndonesia: Rhizomes and young shoots have been traded as economic commoditiesin both traditional and modern markets, for use as spices or in traditional medicine.The jamu beras kencur is sold by Javanese women in Semarang, Central Java(Sumarni et al. 2019). Lao: Rhizomes are traded as medicinal ingredient in thetraditional markets of Vientiane province (Delang 2007).ReferencesAbellera CAV, Fiscal RR, Mesina SP. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used intreating skin diseases in the Province of Laguna, Philippines. APJMR. 2019;7(3):86–95.Ali R, Yesmin R, Satter MA, Habib R, Yeasmin T. Antioxidant and antineoplastic activities ofmethanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. rhizome against Ehrlich ascites carcinomacells. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2018;30:386–92.Angagan JS, Buot IEJ, Relox RE, Rebancos CM. Ethnobotany of the plant resources in Conner,Apayao, Northern Luzon, Philippines. J Nat Stud. 2010;9(1):31–8.Bhuiyan MNI, Begum J, Anwar MN. Essential oils of leaves and rhizomes of Kaempferia galangaLinn. Chittagong Univ J B Sci. 2008;3(1&2):65–76.Chassagne F, Hul S, Deharo E, Bourdy G. Natural remedies used by Bunong people in Mondulkiriprovince (Northeast Cambodia) with special reference to the treatment of 11 most commonailments. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;191:41–70.Dash PR, Nasrin M, Morshed MTI, Ali MS. Study of antinociceptive activity of Kaempferiagalanga from Bangladesh in Swiss albino mice. AJFN. 2015;3(3):64–8.Kaempferia galanga L. 5Delang CO. The role of medicinal plants in the provision of health care in Lao PDR. J Med PlantRes. 2007;1(3):050–9.Delin W, Larsen K. Zingiberaceae. Flora China. 2000;24:322–77.Dubost JM, Phakeovilay C, Her C, Bochaton A, Elliott E, Deharo E, Xayvue M, Bouamanivong S,Bourdy G. Hmong herbal medicine and herbalists in Lao PDR: pharmacopeia and knowledgetransmission. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2019;15:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0307-2.Gholib D. Daya hambat ekstrak kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) terhadap Trichophytonmentagrophytes dan Cryptococcus neoformans jamur penyebab penyakit kurap pada kulit danpenyakit paru. Bul Littro. 2009;20(1):59–67. (in Bahasa).Ibrahim H. Kaempferia L. In: de Padua LS, Bunyaprasphatsara N, Lemmens RHMJ, editors. Plantsresources of South-East Asia No 12(1) medicinal and poisonous plant 1. Leiden: BackhyusPublishers; 1999. p. 331–5.Kochuthressia KP, Britto SJ, Jaseentha MO, Raphael R. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation ofKaempferia galanga L. rhizome extract. Am J Biotechnol Mol Sci. 2012;2(1):1–5.Lakshmanan D, Werngren J, Jose L, Suja KP, Nair MS, Varma RL, Mundayoor S, Hoffner S,Kumar RA. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from a traditional anti-tuberculosis medicinalherb inhibits drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Fitoterapia.2011;82:757–61.Liu XC, Liang Y, Shi WP, Liu QZ, Zhou L, Liu AZL. Repellent and insecticidal effects of theessential oil of Kaempferia galanga rhizomes to Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera:Liposcelidae). J Econ Entomol. 2014;107(4):1706–12.Maghirang RG, Oraye CD, Antonio MA, Cacal MS. 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In: Towars the future of Asia my proposal.The best paper the 3rd the Asia Future conference Sekiguchi Global Research AssociationAtsumi International Foundation, Jaoan Book, lnc 3-1-8 Misakicho. ChiYoda-ku, Tokyo101-0061, Japan; 2017.Kaempferia galanga L. 7

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Kaempferia galanga L.Zingiberaceae

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