Alcamo, Giuseppina

Ceccherini Nelli, Lucia

Sala, Marco

Trombadore, Antonella

English

Florence Research

20 December 2021PV PUBLISH - Architectural & technical advice for PV integrated systems in public buildings and schools: projectspreparation / M. Sala; L. Ceccherini Nelli; A. Trombadore; G. Alcamo. - ELETTRONICO. - PV in Europe - 7-11 October2002, Rome, Italy(2002), pp. 1125-1127. ((Intervento presentato al convegno Congresso tenutosi a Roma nel Ottobre2002.Original Citation:PV PUBLISH - Architectural & technical advice for PV integrated systems in publicbuildings and schools: projects preparationTerms of use:Publisher copyright claim:(Article begins on next page)La pubblicazione è resa disponibile sotto le norme e i termini della licenza di deposito, secondo quanto stabilito dallaPolicy per l'accesso aperto dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze (https://www.sba.unifi.it/upload/policy-oa-2016-1.pdf)Availability:This version is available at: 2158/687999 since:Questa è la Versione finale referata (Post print/Accepted manuscript) della seguente pubblicazione:FLORERepository istituzionale dell'Università degli Studi diFirenzeOpen AccessARCHITECTURAL & TECHNICAL ADVICE FOR PV INTEGRATED SYSTEMS IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS ANDSCHOOLS: PROJECTS PREPARATION - PRESENTATION AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATIONMarco Sala, Lucia Ceccherini Nelli, Antonella Trombadore, Giuseppina AlcamoUniversità degli Studi di FirenzeCentro Interuniversitario AbitaVia S.Niccolò 89/a 50125 FirenzeTel 39 55 5048394 fax 39 55 5048394-48 marco_sala@unifi.itABSTRACT: The aim is to transfer the European technical experience into the Italian photovoltaic solar energymarket, involving Public Administrations and schools Managements to promote pilot actions in the Tuscany, as well asimprove practical application and visible prospects. Public Administrations will be provided with Architectural &Technical advice for a better PV systems integration in public buildings and schools. This action fits perfectly eachpartners’ activities (research and development) in PV fields, in order to allow a qualitative increase.An advanced technology will be joined by an architectural expertise, carrying out some application cases in order toinvolve the best practices of the partners as following:the experience in low energy retrofitting research and sustainable building design of ABITA – useful for thearchitectural advice allowing a better PV systems integration project;the technical expertise and capacity in Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems of IT Power and WIP;the support by Public Administrations through the Provincial Energy Agencies of Tuscany;Italian PV Industry Association’s support for materials and PV technology equipment;support and collaboration with ETA during promotion & dissemination activity.1  APPROACHThe aim of the project is to optimize PV in integratedscenarios building (roofing, cladding, roof mounted, aswindows, solar shading, etc.) and to present practicalapplications and visible prospects where PV gridconnected becomes a reasonable electricity source inurban areas.     The overall objectives (scientific and technical) of theproject are:to contribute to the introduction of PV systems as anenergy-significant option in urban areas in Italyimproving technical performance of BIPV or otherstructures in the built environmentto improve and demonstrate the attractivearchitectural medium (aesthetics value offered byPV)to inspire the future generation to become involved inrenewablecarry out project plans, feasible studies and analysisaccording to the National & European programsThe work phase includes:- Bioclimatic properties and choice of projects- General strategy of architectural actions- Architectural integration:Structural PV-Roofs, Photovoltaic Façades, Shadingssystems, Installations on flat roofs2 SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION AND RELEVANCE    The Scientific innovation and relevance of the workconsist in the experimentation and the diffusion of PVtechnology  through  public administrations, especiallyPV integrated systems.    PV installation integrated in building roofs and facadesallow the possibility of combining energy productionwithother functions of the building envelope, such as shading,weather shielding and heat production.     Cost savings through these combined functions can besubstantial, e.g. in expensive façade systems wherecladding costs may equal the  costs of the PV modules.Additionally, no high – value land is required and noseparate support structure is necessary. Electricity isgenerated at the point of use. This avoids transmissionand distribution losses and reduces the utility company’scapital and maintenance costs. ‘Multiple integration’ isperhaps the appropriate expression. Building integrationdoes not just mean the mounting of PV modules on roofsor facades. Real integration can involve much more, itincludes all the steps incorporated in the process of newconstruction or in retrofitting building, starting fromplanning the production of the construction materialsthrough to operation and recycling. Multiple integrationdoes not produce multiple costs. However, if it is done inthe right way, it results in multiple savings. Savings oflandscape, cladding materials, engineering effort and soon have often been mentioned in the literature. Thefurther steps of integration have not yet been studied indetail, but it is obvious that integration into the existingmanufacturing process of cladding materials should leadto further cost reductions. Integration starts at thebeginning of the planning process of a buildingconstruction or renovation and continues until thebuilding is finished.     However, the integration of PV into the architecturaldesign offers more than cost benefits. It also allowsdesigner to create environmentally design and energyefficient buildings without sacrificing comfort, aestheticsor economy.PV in Europe - From PV Technology to Energy Solutions, 7-11 October 2002, Rome, Italy 11253  CHOSEN BUILDING CHARACTERISTICSIntegration is an important step towards betteraesthetic architectural improvement of PV modules intothe building envelope.PV installation, integrated in building roofs andfacades, allows the possibility of combining energyproduction with other functions of the building envelope,such as shading, weather shielding and heat production.      Integration starts at the beginning of the planningprocess of a building construction or renovation andcontinues as follows:4   ISSUESIssues relating to the incorporation of PV arisethroughout the course of a project.LocationType of locationDevelopment sectorNew/retrofitPV TypeBuilding locationPeak output (kWp)Surplus powerImplementationFunding assistanceThose solutions involved in developing the buildingindustry in this country lag behind others in certain areas.While there is now good design assistance material in theform of design guidelines and computer – basedoptimization tools, and at other end of the project,commissioning, testing and monitoring guidance, theprocurement stage is not well served.There is also a need for the standards coveringperformance for modules and related systems to beincorporated into Italian standards documentation and,where standards do not exist, such as in manufacturingdefects and appearance, they need  to be formulated.The proposed integrated systems will increasinglyinfluence the skin of buildings- Converters, integrated into module, can make cablingsafer and easier, as a result of less module mismatch,there even improved systems performance is possible- new types of solar cells allow the production ofimproved hybrid collector systems. In buildings withdemand for domestic hot water the simultaneous useof heat electricity can improve the economics. Suchsystems benefit from an additional level ofintegration. Mounting and installation can be done inone as well, since the combination of inverter withthe control device of the thermal system is feasible.- the inverter can be combined with existing invertersin a building. In an office – school building, thiscould be  the inverter for the uninterruptible powersupply.5   PROJECTS      The following table shows a wide variety of projectsmeeting the needs of a number of building sectors. Mostof them set out to be “ideal” solutions. This reflects thestate of Tuscany region in Italy at the present. Of the 12projects, 9 will be realized with the financial support ofthe Minister of the Environment.5.1   Finding for fundingSome chosen projects have been approved  for thegrant-funding assistance coming from the ItalianMinistry of the Environment and EU funding.Buildings FundingTechnical Institute  “Campedelli”, Lucca METechnical Institute “E. Fermi”, Lucca METechnical Institute “C. Marchesi ”,  Pisa MEGym “Gherardesca”,  Livorno MEGym Liceo “Enriques”,  Livorno MENaval Institute  “Cappellini”, Livorno MEScientific Pole, University of Florence,Sesto Fiorentino, (Firenze).ME, EUPrimary school, Pontenuovo, Pistoia ME, EUPV Greenhouse for  MEYER Hospital,Firenze.MEMinistry of the Environment: MEEU funding: EU5.2  Planning legislationLocal authorities generally support projects directedtoward environmental safety strategies and PV Publishprojects are all integrated in public buildings to berealized  with funding coming from publicadministration.Goals for sustainability are increasing into localPlans and reflecting  the new trend of the Government’scommitment to environmental measures through Agenda21.5.3   Grid Connection and surplus powerBuildings analyzed in the present brochure are allwell dimensioned: they don’t produce energy surplus  tobe exported, as happening in many European countries.All PV Publish projects are grid-connected, PVinstallations won’t supply power or in insufficientquantity.At the moment it is not possible to fed surpluselectricity in the National grid, maybe the ItalianGovernment will accord to the European Countries forthe ENEL (National Energy producer) privatization inthe 2004 so that PV buildings will satisfy not onlyindividual needs, but also they will make a usefulcontribution to the electrical country’s requirements.PV in Europe - From PV Technology to Energy Solutions, 7-11 October 2002, Rome, Italy 11265.4  Optimizing PV systemsThe basic rule to maximize the power output of aninstallation is simple: relative orientation and tilt angle ofthe array.Besides to increase the PV system efficiency it is alsonecessary  to keep the modules cool and clean with agood maintenance of electrical connection.5.5  StandardsDesigners need simple standards and codes ofpractice to build components and their installation.      Actual Italian standards relates to:the appearance of modules, including bubbles in theresin in glass/glass modules, alignment of cells,acceptability of torn cells and alignment andpositioning of conducting tape;Non-electrical safety issues including handling,durability and hazards arising from fire;PV carrying system assemblies such as PV-integratedcurtain walls, roof lights etc.5.6  MaintenanceMaintenance of the systems is recognised to be low.However, providing safe access for maintenance to a PVarray and its technical and cost implications havefrequently been overlooked too late in the design process,because Safe access for maintenance and possiblereplacements is the most important need for a PVinstallation.5.7  CostsIn the following table are explained approximatecosts for PV systems.System Installed cost€/m2PV curtain walling, glass/glasscrystalline modules1.200PV curtain walling, glass/glass thin-film amorphous modules450PV rainscreen cladding 900PV roofing tiles 800PV modules on a pitched roof 11006  CONCLUSIONS     The Tuscany PV Publish projects constitute anexcellent example of PV application and moreover forPV integration in retrofitting cases.The Energy Agencies have chosen all retrofittingprojects, for the urgent need to cover the energy supplyof those buildings realised during ’70s without anaccurate attention to bioclimatic and solar activetechnologies, exploiting the favourable moment ofGovernment incentives.In Italy there are no political-economical proceduresthat at a national and local level have given a decisivecontribution to the photovoltaic market. There is anecessity of economical and technical instruments toguarantee a real opportunity for the utilization ofphotovoltaic systems in public buildings and schools.The main idea is to stimulate the PublicAdministration to be an example of an environmentalpolitical action. The action comes as a consequence ofprevious partners experiences in their own countries, anda consequence of the evaluations about PV researchescarried out in schools and public buildings for theprevious ALTENER programme. (Pilot action for thepromotion of PV in schools and public buildings:evaluation of lessons –learnt and transfer to other areasof the EU)Public actions result therefore necessary to stimulatesuch systems adoption, to encourage the firms to findnew process and technical solutions, knowing thatinteresting borders amelioration exist, whether to costslevel or to devices efficiency increase. A great activity ofnew products development - more suitable for thearchitectural applications - is to remark as effect of thesupport's mechanisms until now adopted by severalcountries.In Italy the PV market is not yet adequatelybenefited, it is constituted above all by applications notcovered by other systems. For the big fittings demand isobviously institutional piloted therefore by political willand by opinions movements, rather than by real demandsand needs to satisfy.The most recent typology of Photovoltaic technologyapplications is the one using buildings integratedsystems: PV systems can be used as integrative source, acontribution - according to the dimension of the plant - tothe building global electric budget. These applicationsintroduce different advantages:energy produced near user has a greater value thanenergy furnished by the traditional electric powerstation;electric energy production during insulation timesallows to reduce the demand to the net during the day,just when there is the greatest request. Hypothesising ahigh development of building integration of PVsystems, it is possible to foresee a levelling of the dailypeak request, usually corresponding to the moreexpensive kWh electrical cost. It is a more and moreinteresting alternative, particularly for the increasinguse of the conditioning systems in the residential,commercial and public buildings;the PV installation cost could also be an avoided costdecreasing the global building cost, because the PVmodules can be constructive elements replacing tiles orfaçades glasses;the adoption of these systems allows the diffusion,directly among the consumers, of a great “energeticconscience”, with positive increase of the use ofelectric energy produced and exchanged with the net.It is necessary to highlight the PV systems estheticalvalue: the silicon cell has a pleasant aspect and aparticular effect, making it an interesting material forthe contemporary architecture. It is possible to usedifferent colour cells, adapting them to the severalcontexts.7  REFERENCES[1] Pearson C, Rawlings R, Nanayakkara RPhotovoltaics in Buildings - Safety and the CDMRegulations, BSRIA,  (2000)[2] Ingrid Weiss,1000,000 roofs and 99 Pfenning-Germany ‘s PV financing schemes and the market,Renewable Energy World, Jan-Feb 2002PV in Europe - From PV Technology to Energy Solutions, 7-11 October 2002, Rome, Italy 1127

PV PUBLISH - Architectural &amp; technical advice for PV integrated systems in public buildings and schools: projects preparation

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PV PUBLISH - Architectural & technical advice for PV integrated systems in public buildings and schools: projects preparation