Vegetable crops have been the most important technological group that is grown in our country. Due to their multiple importance, vegetable crops have received increased attention both from the scientific and technical point of view. In our country, research on useful entomofauna began after 1929, when the first entomology research unit was set up, namely the "Entomology Station" within the Instituteof Agronomic Research in Romania (Institutul de Cercetări Agronomice din România - I.C.A.R.). This paper aims to bring a great contribution of scientific data regarding useful entomofauna. The research has been conducted in the private stationary unit in Amărăştii de Jos, using three methods of collecting the entomofauna and namely the Barber type soil trap, the frappage method and method of capture by using the entomological net.All the entomofauna collected from the vegetable ecosystem has been subjected to detailed analyzes of the systematic group to which each species belongs.The research has identified 390 species belonging to 7 orders with 15 families. Most species belong to the Scarabaeidae families (5 species), followed by the Chrysomelidae family with 4 species, the Acrididae, Aphididae, Pentatomidae, Cetoniidae, Pieridae and Noctuidae families, each with 3 species, with the rest of the families having 1-2 species

BIRZANU, F.

MITREA, I.

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLVII 2017  60    STUDIES ON THE USEFUL ENTOMOFAUNA  IN SOME VEGETABLE CROPS IN SOUTH OF OLTENIA   BÎRZANU FELICIA1, MITREA ION2 PhD University of Craiova, e-mail: birzanu_felicia@yahoo.com  2 University of Craiova, Faculty of Horticulture,  keywords: useful entomofauna, vegetable products  ABSTRACT  Vegetable crops have been the most important technological group that is grown in our country. Due to their multiple importance, vegetable crops have received increased attention both from the scientific and technical point of view. In our country, research on useful entomofauna began after 1929, when the first entomology research unit was set up, namely the "Entomology Station" within the Institute of Agronomic Research in Romania (Institutul de Cercetări Agronomice din România - I.C.A.R.). This paper aims to bring a great contribution of scientific data regarding useful entomofauna. The research has been conducted in the private stationary unit in Amărăştii de Jos, using three methods of collecting the entomofauna and namely the Barber type soil trap, the frappage method and method of capture by using the entomological net. All the entomofauna collected from the vegetable ecosystem has been subjected to detailed analyzes of the systematic group to which each species belongs. The research has identified 390 species belonging to 7 orders with 15 families. Most species belong to the Scarabaeidae families (5 species), followed by the Chrysomelidae family with 4 species, the Acrididae, Aphididae, Pentatomidae, Cetoniidae, Pieridae and Noctuidae families, each with 3 species, with the rest of the families having 1-2 species.  INTRODUCTION Almost all the nutrients the body needs every day are found in vegetables. They do not contain cholesterol and fats, which is why they are safe even for people who are on a slimming diet. In our country, research on entomofauna encountered in vegetable species was carried out by Bobîrnac B. and Matei Iulia 1983, Roman T. and Neamţu Maria, 2000, Costache M., Roman T., 2001, Mitrea et al. 2002, Georgescu T., et al., 2003, Tălmaciu M., et al., 2004, Rotari Elena, et al, 2011, etc. In this region, research  on the entomofauna has been carried out by Bobîrnac, Matei Iulia 1985, Costescu and Mitrea, 1989, Mitrea et al. 2002, Mitrea, 2013, etc. The researches took place in Dolj county, in the private stationary unit in the village Amărăştii de Jos, where vegetables are grown on large surfaces and with rich crops.  Knowledge of useful insects has been of particular interest in maintaining harmful populations below the economic threshold of harm, so useful species are very susceptible and vulnerable to pesticides, and their disappearance would lead to the destruction of the existing balance between the different biosystems in agrobiocenoses.    Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLVII 2017  61  MATERIAL AND METHODS         The present paper aims to bring in the scientific data obtained from the research on the useful entomofauna and the vegetable crops in southern Oltenia, research carried out around the area of Amărăştii de Jos village - Dolj County.           In 2016, three methods of entomofauna collection were used (the Barber’s type soil trap, the frappage method and method of capture with the entomological net), under production conditions.  Samples were periodically collected, depending on the course of crop growing, but also on the research method. The stationary units considered for the study consisted in 6 traps on a line of plants from the edge to the inside in a straight line at a distance of 20 m from the edge and 6 to 8 m between traps per row. For the Barber method, plastic boxes were used, with a volume of 500 ml, with a 10 cm diameter and an 8 cm height, and the securing fluid used was a salt solution with a concentration of 25%. The material collected was brought to the entomology laboratory within the Faculty of Horticulture and determined using a magnifying glass and specialised determining devices: Bobîrnac B. et al. 1994, Stănoiu I. Năstase A, 1998, Chimişliu Cornelia, 2002 and 2005 etc. The entomofauna collected from the vegetable ecosystem has been subjected to detailed analyzes of the systematic group to which each species belongs. The useful species have been selected from all the species identified and treated separately. The representatives have been identified and sorted by families and order up to a level of species.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In 2016, the results obtained from some vegetable crops regarding the structure of the entomofauna in southern Oltenia included the identification of 63 harmful and useful species belonging to the Insecta class, totaling 590 specimens collected. (Table 1) The collected insects were systematically classified in 10 orders (Orthoptera – 6 species, Homoptera – 3 species, Hetroptera – 3 species, Hymenoptera – 6 species, Thysanoptera - 1 species, Odonata – 3 species, Mecoptera – 1 species, Coleoptera – 26 species, Lepidoptera - 9 species and Diptera – 5 species belonging to 28 families). After analyzing the data obtained regarding the structure of the entomofauna collected from some vegetable crops in southern Oltenia, the stationary unit Amărăştii de Jos, it is evident that in this region the largest share of 41% is held by the Coleoptera order, followed by the Lepidoptera order (14%), Orthoptera and Hymenoptera orders, each with a share of 9%, the Diptera order with 8%, Odonata order with 4%, Homoptera and Hetroptera with 5% each, and ranking last are Thysanoptera and Mecoptera orders with 1-2% (Fig.1). Regarding the structure of the species collected per families, it can be noticed that the largest number of species belongs to the Carabidae family (7 species), Scarabaeidae (5 species), followed by Coccinellidae and Chrysomelidae families with 4 species, Curculionidae with 4 species, Acrididae, Aphididae, Aphididae, Pentatomidae, Apidae, Vespidae, Cetoniidae, Pieridae, Noctuidae families with 3 species each, with the rest of the families having 1-2 species. (Fig.2)       Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLVII 2017  62   Table 1 Structure of the species collected in some vegetable crops in 2016  (Amărăştii de Jos stationary unit - Dolj County) No. Order Family Species name Abundance 1 Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa 5 2 Gryllidae Gryllus campestris L  8 3 Gryllus desertus L 10 4 Acrididae Acrida hungarica Herbst 8 5 Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunberg 9 6 Callipta musitalicus L. 6 7 Homoptera Aphididae *Brevicorine brassicae L. - 8 *Myzodes perisicae - 9 *Aphis fabae - 10 Hetroptera Pentatomidae Graphysoma lineatum L 9 11 Eurydema ornate L 10 12 Eurydema oleraceae L 8 13 Hymenoptera Apidae Bumbus terrestris 7 14 Apis melifera L. 7 15 Xilocopa violaceae L. 9 16 Vespidae Vespa vulgaris L 10 17 Vespa germanica L 12 18 Vespa crabro L 8 19 Thysanoptera Thripidae Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande 6 20 Odonata Calopteridae Clopterix splendens (Harris) 5 21 Libellulidae Libelula depresa L 4 22 Coenagrionidae Cornagrion pulchellum (libeluls) 6 23 Mecoptera Panorpidae Panorpa communis L. 1 24 Coleoptera Chysomelidae Leptinotarsa decemlineata 23 25 Cassida nebulosa L.  3 26 Phyllotreta atra L. 12 27 Phyllotreta nemorum L. 16 28 Cantharidae Canthars fusca L  3 29 Carabidae Harpalus affinis Schrank 14 30 Carabus violaceus 12 31 Carabus ulrichi 12 32 Carabus cancellatus 8 33 Calosoma sycophanta 6 34 Amara crenata 12 35 Pterostichus nigera 11 36 Coccinelidae Adalia bipunctata 11 37 Coccinella septempunctata 14 38 Adonia variegata 7 39 Coccinella 12-punctata  10 40 Elateridae Agriotes lineatus L 6 41 Agriotes ustulatus L 8 42 Scarabaeidae Melolontha melolontha L. 9 43 Anoxia vilosaFabr. 9 44 Rhizotrogus aeqinoctialis 8 45 Polyphylla fullo L. 10 46 Oryctesna sicornis 4 47 Cetoniidae Tropinota (Epicometis)hirtaPoda, 8 48 Oxythyrea funesta(Poda 7 49 Cetonia aurata L 5 50 Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris Brassicae L. 16 51 Pieris rape L. 14 52 Pieris napi L. 16 53 Noctuidae Mamestra brassicae L. 13 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLVII 2017  63  54 Autographa gamma L. 11 55 Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. 15 56 Lycaenidae Lycaena phleas L 3 57 Sphingidae Daphnis nerii L. 4 58 Nymphalidae Arginis paphya 5 59 Diptera Antonomyidae Delia brassicae Bché 8 60 Delia antiquaMeig. 5 61 Heliomyzidae Suilli aluridaMeig. 6 62 Tabanidae Tanbanus spp. L. 1 63 Culicidae Culex spp. L 1 No. Specimens collected   590    Fig. 1. Structure of entomofauna collected from some vegetable crops from Amărăştii de Jos Stationary Unit - Dolj  Of the total number of species collected within the studied vegetable ecosystem, it was found that:  37 are harmful, 14 are useful and 12 are indifferent to this crop but may be harmful to other crop plants or other spontaneous flora (encountered as weeds).  The analysis of the number of useful species collected from some vegetable crops in the Amărăştii de Jos area shows that the 14 species belong systematically to 2 orders and three families as follows: the Hymenoptera order with the Apidae family with 3 species and the Coleoptera order with 2 families: Carabidae with 7 species and Coccinelidae with 3 species (Table 2).  Regarding the abundance of useful species collected per order, it is observed that the Coleoptera order has 11 species, the Hymenoptera order is recorded with only 3 species.  The analysis of the abundance of useful species in some vegetable crops shows that the species Harpalu saffinis, Coccinella septempunctata had the highest number of specimens collected, (14) followed by Carabus violaceus, Carabus ulrichi and Amara crenata (each with 12 specimens).    Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLVII 2017  64  Table 2 Structure of the useful species collected in some vegetable crops in 2016  (Amărăştii de Jos Stationary Unit - Dolj County) No. Order Family Species name Abundance 1 Hymenoptera Apidae Bumbus terrestris 7 2 Apis melifera L. 7 3 Xilocopa violaceae L. 9 4 Coleoptera Carabidae Harpalus affinis Schrank 14 5 Carabus violaceus 12 6 Carabus ulrichi 12 7 Carabus cancellatus 8 8 Calosoma sycophanta 6 9 Amara crenata 12 10 Pterostichus nigera 11 11 Coccinelidae Adalia bipunctata 11 12 Coccinella septempunctata 14 13 Adonia variegata 7 14 Coccinella 12-punctata  10             Pterostichus nigera and Adalia bipunctata had 11 specimens each, Coccinella  12-punctata had 10 specimens, Xilocopa violaceae L. had 9 specimens, Carabus cancellatus had 8 specimens, Bumbus terrestri and Apis melifera L had 7 specimens each.  The lowest number of individuals collected, namely 6, belong to the Calosoma sycophanta species (fig. 2).   Fig.2.  The structure of useful species collected belonging to the 2 orders identified  from some vegetable crops in Amăraştii de Jos area                  The analysis of the abundance of useful species falling under the Hymenoptera order shows that the Aidae family has 2 species (Bumbus terrestris, Apis melifera L.) each with 7 specimens, and the third species (Xilocopa violaceae L.) had 9 specimens (fig.3). From the analysis data on the abundance of useful species included in the Coleoptera order (Carabidae family, collected and identified from some vegetable crops, it results that the species Harpalus affinis had the biggest share with 14 specimens, followed by the species Carabus violaceus, Carabus ulrichi and Amara crenata each with 12 specimens, Pterostichus nigera with 11 specimens. Some places are held by the species Carabus cancellatus and Calosoma sycophanta each with 8, and 6 specimens, respectively (fig.4).  7 791412 12861211 11147100246810121416Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLVII 2017  65    Fig.3. Useful Hymenoptera in the Apidae family collected and identified  from some vegetable crops in the Amărăştii de Jos - Dolj area    Fig.7 Useful Coleoptera in the Carabidae family collected and identified from some  vegetable crops in the Amărăştii de Jos - Dolj area              The Coccinelidae family presented a number of 4 useful species collected from some vegetable crops, the highest share was held by the Coccinella septempunctata species with 14 specimens, followed by Adalia bipunctata with 11 specimens, Coccinella 12- punctata with 10.   Fig.12  Useful Coleoptera in the Coccinelidae family collected from some vegetable crops in the Amărăştii de Jos - Dolj area  0%20%40%60%80%100%Bumbus terrestris Apis melifera L. Xilocopa violaceaeL.7 7 9024681012141412 128612 11020 1114710Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLVII 2017  66   Fig.15 The share of useful species collected from some vegetable crops in the Amărăştii de Jos - Dolj area            The largest share is held by the species Harpalus affinis Schrank and Coccinella septempunctata each with 14 representatives, followed by the species Carabus violaceus, Amara crenata and Carabus ulrichi with 12 representatives, Pterostichus nigera and Adalia bipunctata with 11 representatives each.             The species Coccinella 12- punctata (10), Xilocopa violaceae L (9), Carabus cancellatus (8) have the fewest representatives, Apis melifera and Bumbus terrestris and Adonia variegata with 7 representatives each and the last species Calosoma sycophanta with 6.  CONCLUSIONS             Useful entomofauna can serve as indicators for solving problems, their frequency in certain ecosystems or why not as mathematical models of the dynamics of some animals of economic interest. The entomofauna identified so far in southern Oltenia belongs to 28 families and 10 orders. The useful species collected from some vegetable crops in the Amărăştii de Jos area belong systematically to 2 orders with 3 families, as follows: the Hymenoptera order - the Apidae family with 3 species and the Coleoptera order with two families: Carabidae with 7 species and Coccinelidae with 4 species (tables 2 and Fig. 2), totaling 14 species. The highest share is held by the species Harpalus affinis Schrank and Coccinella septempunctata - species of 14 specimens each, belonging to the Carabidae and Coccinelidae families, the last of which is the Calosoma sycophanta species with 6 specimens, a species belonging to the Carabidae family - the Coleoptera order.  BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Balliu A., Cota E., 2007 - Biological control of main greenhouse pets in Albania.Acta Horticulturae, vol. 729, p.489-492. Bumbus terrestris5%Apis melifera L.5%Xilocopa violaceae L.6%Harpalus affinis Schrank10%Carabus  violaceus8%Carabus  ulrichi9%Carabus cancellatus6%Calosoma  sycophanta4%Amara crenata9%Pterostichus  nigera8%Adalia    bipunctata8%Coccinella septempunctata10%Adonia  variegata5%Coccinella 12-punctata 7%AbundențaAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLVII 2017  67  2. Baysal F., Cinar A., 2007 - Determination of phytopathological and entomological problems and using plant protection methods in organic tomato growing in Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, vol, 729, p. 459-462. 3. Bobîrnac, and Matei Iulia 1983, - Contribuţii la studiul entomofaunei unor culturi horticole din Oltenia. Lucr.Şt.A III Conf.Naţ.Entomologie, Iaşi.  4. Bobîrnac B., Stănoiu I., Năstase A., pag. 1- 49, 1994 - „Determinator pentru Coleopterele din România”. Muzeul Olteniei Craiova. 5. Boucher Jude, Ashley R., Durgy R., Sciabarassi M., Calderwood W., 2003 – Managing the papper maggo t(Diptera: Tephritidae) using perimeter trap cropping. Journal of Economic Entomology, vol.96. no. 2, pp. 420- 432. 6. Cameron P.J., Walker G.P., Herman T.J.B., Wallace A.R., 2001 – Development of economic thresholds and monitoring systems for Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomatoes. Journal of Economic Entomology, vol 94, no.5, p. 1104-1112. 7. 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STUDIES ON THE USEFUL ENTOMOFAUNA IN SOME VEGETABLE CROPS IN SOUTH OF OLTENIA

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STUDIES ON THE USEFUL ENTOMOFAUNA IN SOME VEGETABLE CROPS IN SOUTH OF OLTENIA

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series