Symmetrical index application for monitoring temporal changes of tritium concentration in the waters of environmental

Abstract

Tritijum (3H), radioaktivni izotop vodonika, koji je dospeo u prirodu 60-tihgodina veštačkim putem iz nuklearnih eksplozija i nuklearne industrije, povećao jeprirodni sadržaj ovog radionuklida u atmosferi i u vodama iz životne sredine. Opasnostod zagađenja voda i potreba da se kontroliše stepen tog zagađenja bio je i danas je sveviše jedan od najvećih razloga proučavanja količine i načina dolaženja 3H u vode.Padavine predstavljaju glavni put za eliminaciju tritijuma iz atmosfere, bilo da jestvoren prirodnim ili veštačkim putem. Putem padavina, tritijum dospeva u površinskevode. U Beogradu se, u Institutu za nuklearne nauke Vinča, od 1976. god. vršiispitivanje sadržaja tritijuma u sakupljenim uzorcima padavina i površinskih voda. Zbogpostojanja teškovodnih istraživačkih reaktora u Institutu za nuklearne nauke "Vinča"kao potencijalnih emitera tritijuma, potrebno je pratiti distribuciju tritijuma upadavinama u samom Institiutu, a takođe i na drugim referentnim meteorološkimstanicama (Zeleno Brdo i Usek). Usled moguće kontaminacije reka Save i Dunavatritijumom zbog niza nuklearnih elektrana na uzvodnim obalama ovih reka, važno jeispitivati njegov sadržaj, naročito zbog toga što se Beograd snabdeva vodom za piće izSave i Dunava. Ispitivanje sadržaja tritijuma u potoku Mlaka, koji izvire u kruguInstituta Vinča je značajno, jer se potok uliva u Dunav (u Vinči), preko reke Bolečice.Potok protiče pored istraživačkog reaktora u Institutu Vinča, tako da može doći dokontaminacije Dunava.U svim uzorcima voda koji su analizirani u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji, praćenaje vremenska promena koncentracije tritijuma u dugom vremenskom intervalu od 1985– 2009. godine. S obzirom na činjenicu da se srednja koncentracija tritijuma upadavinama i u površinskim vodama na severnoj hemisferi kreće se od 0,6 Bq l-1 do1,19 Bq l-1, svi uzorci su elektrolitički obogaćeni u cilju povećanja koncentracije i kaotakvi su mereni na tečnom scintilacionom detektoru LKB Wallac 1219 RackBeta.Određeni su parametri koji definišu sam proces elektrolize, separacioni faktor,parametar obogaćenja i faktor obogaćenja. Izračunati su mesečni i kvartalni sezonskiindeksi koji ukazuju na pojavu maksimalnih i minimalnih vrednosti koncentracijetritijuma u godišnjim dobima.Tritium (3H), a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, which reached in the nature inthe sixties, by nuclear explosions and nuclear industries, increased the naturalabundance of this radionuclide in the atmosphere and in the water from theenvironment. The reason for studying the tritium content in natural waters is a risk ofwater pollution by this radionuclide.Precipitation is the main route for the elimination of tritium from theatmosphere, whether it is natural origin or made artificially. Tritium enters in thesurface water by precipitation. Environmental monitoring of tritium began, in asystematic way, in 1976 in the Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča" in Belgrade, withsampling and measurements of precipitation and surface waters. Because of theexistence of the heavy research reactors in the Institute as potential emitters of tritium, itis necessary to monitor the distribution of tritium in precipitation in the Institute, as wellas at the other reference meteorological stations (Zeleno Brdo and Usek). Due topossible contamination of the Sava and Danube rivers by tritium because of a number ofnuclear power plants on the banks of the river upstream, it is important to examine itscontents, particularly since Belgrade is supplied with drinking water from the Sava andDanube. Investigation of tritium in the creek Mlaka, which starts within the InstituteVinča is significant to detect any unsuspected change in local discharge, because itflows along the heavy reactor boundary in the Institute into the Danube River (Vinča),across the river Bolečice.In all samples of natural water that have been analyzed in this PhD thesis,distribution of tritium concentration was followed for the long-term time period (1985 –2009). Given the fact that the concentration of tritium in natural water is low (0,6 Bq l-1- 1,19 Bq l-1), all samples were electrolytically enriched in order to increase theconcentration and, as such, were measured by liquid scintillation detector LKB Wallac1219 RackBeta. The parameters that define the process of electrolysis, the separationfactor, enrichment parameter and enrichment factor were determined. The seasonalvariations of 3H could also be analyzed by seasonal indices. Monthly and quarterlyseasonal indices were calculated and they indicate the occurrence of the maximum andminimum values of tritium concentration in the season

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