The main objectives of this expt. were to study the optimum dosage of the preemergence herbicide, oxyfluorfen, on different soil types by evaluating the chemical injury on cassava leaves; investigate the relationship between the diameter of the cutting and the initial growth; analyze aspects of mineral nutrition of N- deficient plants; and obtain general information about the effect of urea leaf application to these plants. Injury by the herbicide increased with increasing application of oxyfluorfen; as soil content increased and clay content decreased, herbicide damage increased. These was no correlation of the diameter of the cutting to the germination rate or plant height. Fifty days after planting, the upper leaves of some plants showed N deficiency. Leaf application of 1 and 2 percent urea caused damage at the same degree of severity. (CIAT

Kano, Y

Leihner, D.E.

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-,' R E POR T 1 " u ~rru1? ;~1~fob COlECClON HISTORIéA , ! • l Optimum dosage of a new pre-emergence herbicide, Oxifluorfen (Commerclal name GOAL), on the cassava planted in different so11 types. --- ... _ .. ~~_ ........ -~ .~ ~_.~-------''--• • .' # ' ~M DOSA9E OF A NEW PRE-EMERGENCE HERBICIDE QXIFLUORFEN (Commercial name GOAL) ON mE CASSAVA PLANTED /' IN DIFFERENT SOIL TY~ September 1978' Yoshiaki Kano Dietrich E. Leihner • • • • " • • OBJECTIVESI Main objectives of this experiments were: 1) To study the optimum dosage of a new pre-emer-gence herbicide (Oxif1uorfen) on different so11 types by eva1uating chemica1 injury on cassava leaves. 2) To investigate the relationship betwe~n the diameter of the seed cutting and the initial growth. 3) To analyze mineral nutrition aspects of N deficient plants. 4) To obtain general information about the effect of urea foliar application to cassava plants showing nitrogen deficiency. MATERIAL AND METHOD.-Four different soi1 types were prepared bymixing a Palmira so11 containing about 90% clay with sand. The fol1ow1ng mixtures were prepared: 25% Palmira soi1 and 75% sand, 50% Pa1mira soil and 50% sand, 75% Palmira soi1 and 25% sand and 100% Palmira soi1. All soils were put into pots of 26 cm diameter, 8 Kg so1l each plot. The pots were fertilized with urea, potassium chloride and triple superphosphate at arate equivalent to 100 kg, 200 k~ and 100 kq per hectar of N, P205 and K20 • One day before planting, 20 cm cassava cutting from one-year old planting material of the varlety eMe 40 were prepared. These cuttings were treated for protection from pathogens in a chemical 8olution which was a mixture 'of 22~ 9 of Dithane, • , r - 2 -12S,g of Manzate, 200 9 of Vitigram, 500 9 of Malathion and 2 kg of zinc sulfate in 100 liters of water for 15 minutes. Each pot was irrigated before planting to facilitate germina-tion. Cuttings were measured and planted vertical1y. At the sama date of planting, the new pre-emergence herbicide (Oxifluorfen) was applied at the'fo11owing dosage. (l) 4.2 1iters per hectar (recommended dosage by the company), (2) 8.4 liters per hectar (two times the recommended dosage), and (3) 2.1 liters per hectar (one ha1f of the recommended dosage). After applica.tion of the herbicide, .the soi1 surface was covered with the aluminum foil to prevent damage by heavy rainfal1. Thus, 'this experiment had 4 different soil types and 4 herbicide application rates (including control). The experiment was rep1icated 3 times. The fol1owing data was col1ected week1y: germination, degree of chemical injury to leaves, p1ant height and number of leaves deve1oped. The degree of chemical injury on the leaf was visually assessed according to the following rating. Rating Verbal descri:etion • O No injury 1 Very slight .discoloration 2 Slight discoloration 3 More severe, but not lasting 4 Moderate and not lasting 5 Moderate and more 1asting 6 ~edium and lasting 7 Heavy' • • Rating 8 9 10 :3 -verbal description Very heavy Near1y destroyed Complete1y destroyed 8 weeks after planting, plants-on 25% Pa1mira soi1 and 75% sand showed typical symptom of nitrogen deficiency. At this time plant analysis was made of an upper 1eaf of the deficient plant and a normal plant planted in the 100% Palmira soil. An urea foliar application was super~posed as a-one percent and two percent·solution·of urea and urea side-dressing were applied as shown below. Thus, all pots were applied N 100 kg per hectar, at e1ement base • A secondary side-dressing with the same N rate was applied 11 days latero The number of leaves developed and plant height were recorded every week after applying the additional fertilizer. 100% Pa1mira soil 75% palmira soil + 25% sand 50% ~almira soil + 50% sand 25% Palmira sói1 + 75% sand control RESULT AND DISCUSSION.-Urea sidedressing 2% urea to the soil foliar application 1% urea foliar application 1) Chemical injury caused by the different dosages of herbicide ·.in the various soil types • . ,~,!l,'y.picallSymptoms of the chemical injury caused by Oxifluorfen - 4 were observed aS'shown at Picture l. The degree of the chemical injury that occurred for the different herbicide dosage is shown in Fig. l. Herbicide, injury increased with increasing app1ication of Oxif1uorfen.' ~oi1 type influenced the magnitude of herbicide damage. As 5011 content 1ncreased and clay content decreased, herbicide damage increased (Fig. 2). Thus, there was an interaction between herbicide rate ~nd soil type. High clay content soils requir~d higher herbicide rate for injury to occur, while sandy soil required lower herbicide rates for injury to occur. Significant difference of the degree of the chemical injury was obtained at 1% 1evel among the soi1 type, the dosages and its 1nteraction. This suggests that the dosage of the herbicide shou1d be determined cons1dering the so11 type. The plant growth measured as p1ant height and the number of lsaves developed are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respectively. There was no signif1cant difference between plant growth and the dosage of the herb1cide in the soil type. " Th1s suggests that the in1t1al plant gro~h such as the plant height and the number of leaves deve10ped was not affected by the d1fferent dosages or so11 types used in th1s experimenta Germination was also not affected by herbicida rates or so1l types. The number of 1eaves developed was slight1y lower ~, . on 25% Palmira soi1 and 75% sand than that on 100% Palmira so11 at all dosages of the herb1cide.· The reduct10n in • 5 numbers of leaves developed was probably caused by lower so1l fert1l1ty. 2) The relationship between the diameter of the seed cutting and the initial plant growth. Relationship of the diarneter of the seed cutting to the qermination rate and the plant height was observed as' shown at Fig. 5, F1~. 6 respectively. There was no cor-relation of the diameter of the seed'cutting to the germi-nation rate or the p~ant height. Initial' growth has a relation to the weight of seed cutting and the age of seed cutting, therefore cutting diameter should not affect init1al growth greatly. In general, amall d1ameter cuttinga cornes from the upper part of the stem and large diameter from the basal parto The cutt1ng from the basal 'parts 1s older than the upperone and ~re 11gn1fied. There was no difference in the germ1nation date between the th1n cutting and the th1ck cutting. Th1s would suggest that the germi-nat10n rate or initial qr9Wth is not related to the position of ,the seed cutt1ng prepared from the mother plant or the age of the qutting material. 3) Nitrogen deficiency caused by the var10us 5011 types. 50 days after planting¡ the upper leaves of sorne plants indi--cated sl1ghtly,yellow color as shown in Picture 2. It was diagnosed as nitrogen deficiency. The symptom of tne nitrogen deficiency was not observed on 100% Palmira soil. So11 sample from the pots of 25% Palmira and 75% sand and ¡OO% Palmira soil was taken and analyzed (See • 6 Table 1). Similarly the upper 2-3' leaves from the same pots were sampled and analyzed (See Table 2) •. Organ1c matter, calcium, magnes1um, potassium and manganese decreased with the low~ content of Palmira soil in the soil mix but two elements copper and iron increased. Nitrogen and potas-sium also decreased with the lower content of Palmir~ so1l on the soil mix in the leaf analysis. Number of leaves developed was affected by the soil type (i.e. the soi1 fer-tility) as shown in Fig. 7. However, the plant height was not changed. 4) Urea foliar application. Both plants treated by 1% and 2% urea foliar application were 1njured at the sama degree of the severity. Its symptom on the leaf was a brown spot as shown in.Picture 3. This suqgests that 'cassava is very susceptible to urea foliar . application and injured even by 1% urea solution. Compared with the treatmeñt of 1% and 2% foliar application, a signi-ficant plant height dífference was not observed at the pots of sidadressed and no urea applieation as a control. The plants whieh no urea application' showed a slightly yellowish leaf eoloration as shown in Pieture 4. Number of leaves deve10ped increased by the sidedressing. It suggests that urea sidedressing to the soil is no more effective to in-crease leaf development than the foliar application. • TABLE 1.- Resu1ts of so11 ana1ys1s of 100\ Palm1ra s011 and 2S"Palm1ra 8011 + 75% sand m1x, 50 days afte~ p1ant1nq. ORGANIC PHOSPBATE SOIL MATTER (Bray II) Ca !!il K Na C.E.C B Zn Mn SAMPLE % ppm pH meq7riHI qr soU ppm 100% Palmira soíl 4.6 63.0 6.6 11.3 7.2 0.97 0.08 23.6 0.39 5.0 39.1 25% Palmira sol1 . + 75% sand 1.0 56.0 6.7 7.5 2.7 0.28 0.11 10.6 0.12 3.7 53.0 Ca Fe 0.62 2.5 2.54 22.5 • . . TABLE 2.- Result of upper leaf analys1s of 100& Palm1ra so1l and 25% Palmira 8011 + 75\ sand mix 50 days after plant1nq. N P K Ca Mg Zn -\ ppm 100\ Palmira 5011 3.12 0.18 1.23 O.SO 0.33 39 25\ Palmira so11 + 75\ sand 2.50 o.is 1.17 0.74 0.30 44 ¡ Reference Nutrient levels of uppermost fully expanded leaf blades of cassava,of 2-5 months of age shown by R. H. Howeler, 1977. Def1ciency 4.5 0.2 ' 1 0.5 0.2 35 Crit:j.cal level 5.7 0.4 35 - 50 normal 5.0 - 6.0 0.3 - 0.5 1.2 - 2.0 0.6 - 1.5 0.25 - 0.5 40 100 " . , .. ~ ,.. ~ ". '. ;'''; :' .. :~;-of; ;. ¡,' "' .... r ~ ... . . ;: '.~~ .:; ... :.7:; .~.~.: ~ ~ ", .. ~, ~.'-.. '. . . (' . '."' ..... ~' ... ~~ ... ~:-: .... " 7 -PICTURE 1.- Herbicida injury on cassava leaf PICTURE 2.- Symptom of'nitrogen def1c1ency .. 8 f ~ .,. : ~ .\ . PICTURE 3.- Chemlcal lnjury caused by 2% urea follar appllcatlon • PICTURE 4.- P1ant growth differences caused by the urea app1ication and sidedressinq to the soi1 23 after application. fo1ial;' days • I , l o ... .' . '. = ... • ---_.- ----,--... -_." ---._-. .,' 11 1-----·-- ,,- ------- -.-- ---I . . --'- --" I I I • i . ". '1 . 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Optimum dosage of a new preemergence herbicide oxifluorfen (Commercial name GOAL) on the cassava planted in different soil types

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Optimum dosage of a new preemergence herbicide oxifluorfen (Commercial name GOAL) on the cassava planted in different soil types

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