Evidence of presence of HBCD in the environment and its health effects : literature review

Abstract

HBCD, or hexabromocyclododecane, is one of many brominated flame retardants, that has been raising concerns as being potentially persistent and toxic. The data is, however, quite scarce and there is no research available on its effects on Finnish ecosystems. This literature review is presenting research from around the world that has been done regarding HBCD and its presence in the environment and in biota. The evidence shows that HBCD can be found in indoor and outdoor air, soil and sediment, plants, fish, marine mammals and other aquatic organisms, birds and also in humans. Main sources for its leakage into environment are identified to be construction and demolition waste, e-waste, and other types of trash in landfills, as well as polystyrene manufacturing facilities. However, more research on the presence of HBCD in Finnish environment, particularly its toxic effects, would be recommended