The study was conducted to evaluate the food safety knowledge and practices of street food vendors in Atbara city between March and April, 2008. The questionnaires respondents were 28% male and 72% were female, 48% of them had primary school education while 42% were illiterates. The most prevalent isolated bacteria from cooked meals, bottled drink and fresh juice were; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus auerus and Bacillus sp. The viable bacterial counts were 4.6 CFU/ml, 3.7 CFU/ml and 4.1 CFU/ml for cooked meals, bottled drink and juice, respectively

Abdalla, MA

Bakhiet, AO

Suliman, SE

English

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African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (24), pp. 6967-6971, 15 December, 2009     Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals      Full Length Research Paper  Food safety knowledge and practices of street food-vendors in Atbara City (Naher Elneel State Sudan)  M. A. Abdalla, S. E. Suliman and A. O. Bakhiet*  College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Sudan University of Science and Technology P.O. Box 204, Khartoum North, Sudan.  Accepted 22 September, 2009  The study was conducted to evaluate the food safety knowledge and practices of street food vendors in Atbara city between March and April, 2008. The questionnaires respondents were 28% male and 72% were female, 48% of them had primary school education while 42% were illiterates. The most prevalent isolated bacteria from cooked meals, bottled drink and fresh juice were; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus auerus and Bacillus sp. The viable bacterial counts were 4.6 CFU/ml, 3.7 CFU/ml and 4.1 CFU/ml for cooked meals, bottled drink and juice, respectively.  Key words: Street, food, vendors.   INTRODUCTION  The term "street food" refers to a wide variety of ready-to-eat foods and beverages sold and sometimes prepared, in public places. Street food may be consumed where it was purchased or can be taken away and eaten else-where (WHO, 1996). The established food safety know-how among the surveyed street food vendors regarding food contamination, types and symptoms of food diseases was significant since several pathogenic micro-organisms had also been isolated from many street vended foods (Omemu et al., 2005). According to WHO (1989), food handling personnel play important role in ensuring food safety throughout the chain of food production and storage. Mishandling and disregard of hygienic measures on the part of the food vendors may enable pathogenic bacteria to come into contact with and in some cases survive and multiply in sufficient numbers to cause illness in the consumer. Tivadar (2003) high-lighted the increasing prevalence of eating away from home and the use of partly or fully cooked food. Most of the vendors who sold both raw and cooked food items were not regulated; they operated haphazardly without any monitoring of what they prepared and how they pre-pared it (Ekanem, 1998; Abdalla et al., 2008b). Studies by FAO (1995) recorded poor knowledge, practices in food handling in the assessment of microbial contamination     *Corresponding author. E -mail: amel33@gmail.com. of food sold by vendors. This work was conducted to study the level of food safety knowledge, practices in food handling and assess-ment of microbial contamination of food sold by vendors.   MATERIALS AND METHODS  Study population and sample collection  The survey was conducted to evaluate the food safety knowledge and practices of street food vendors within Atbara city, Nahr Elneel. The study was carried out between March and April, 2008. Fifty food vendors operating in the major streets, open air market, schools, offices and the general hospital were randomly sampled for this study. The written questionnaire used in this study was a modified version of a questionnaire from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on food safety, nutrition and cosmetics (FDA, 2003). The respondents were 28% males and 72% females, but 38% of them of age 31-40 and 28% of them were 21-30 old. The education level of 48% of respondents was primary schools where as 42% were illiterate. Most of the surveyed people (64%) were married. The stationary vendors represented 90%. Sixty four percent of the respondents had the health certificates, where as 36% were not presented them. The vendors had been in food vending work for less than 5 years were 78%, but only 2% worked for more than 20 years. The questionnaire was developed to collect data from street food vendors. The questionnaire was pre tested for clarity and validity on 10 randomly selected street food vendors in open air market area in Atbara. Results of the pre-test were used in the revision of the initial survey tool. The final version of the survey tool contained 26 questions 6968         Afr. J. Biotechnol.    Table 1. Street foods vended within Atbara city (n = 50)   Type Frequency % Cooked vegetable, soup, sauces, meat, chicken, fish. etc 31 41.8 Porridge 12 16.2 Bean (foul) 1 6.8 Snacks 5 11.2 Bottled drink 4 5.4 juice 9 12.2 Roasted groundnut 4 5.4    which were used to collect data from 50 street vendors on their socio-economic, health and personal hygiene knowledge of vendors (hand washing, bathing, food handling and related ail-ments); and food hygiene and knowledge of food borne illness.  A total of 50 samples of food on sale (30 g) were collected and placed in separate sterile containers and sent to the laboratory on ice container for bacteriological examination.  Pieces of each food weighing 10 g were diluted in 90 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (1:10). All samples were cultured in nutrient broth, blood and Maconkey’s agars, (Barrow and Feltham, 1993). Biochemical testes were conducted for identification of the isolates. The total viable counts (TVCs) of the isolated micro-organisms was carried out according to the method of Miles and Misra (1938).   Statistical analysis  The data were analyzed with SPSS software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 11.5, SSPS Inc and Chicago, IL, USA). Frequencies as well as the percentages of responses in each category were computed and all TVCs bacteria were con-verted to log10 CFU cm-2 for analysis and ANOVA was performed Cross-tabulation and the 2 test were used to examine the relation-ships among and between the variables. Statistical significance was set at a P value of < 0.05.    RESULTS  The street food vended in Atbara city were cooked meals (41.8%), juice (12.2%) and bottled drink (5.4%), in additional to other categories (Table 1). It was shown that health and hygienic practice of the street vendors sur-veyed in Table 2. The respondents that agreed the hand must be washed after eating meal (98%) or when hand-kerchief was used (74%) or even when touching money or during continuous food handling (62%). Also they were decided that the vendors should be prevented from cooking and vending if they were sick (94.0%). Table 3 summarized the knowledge of food handling and 56% of the vendors were cooked the food during selling but 38.0 % of them reheated the sold food or make adequate cooking. Details of knowledge exhibited by respondents on food borne diseases were shown in Table 4. The most com-mon contaminants of the food were splinters of wood and shards of glasses (46.0%) and food colouring, flavoring and spices (34.0%). The isolated bacteria from cooked meals, bottled drink and juice were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus auerus and Bacillus sp. (Table 5). The viable counts in cooked vegetables was 4.6, bottled drink and juice was 3.7 and 4.1 log10 (CFU/ml) respectively.   DISCUSSION  The present survey reveals the knowledge and practices of street food vendors in Atbara city. Socio-economic and demographic data showed that most of the food vendors were females, although, it is not certain whether the pre-dominance of women in the street food vending trade is advantageous to food safety (Umoh and Odoba, 1999; Mensah et al., 2002; Idowa and Rowland, 2006). The hands are the most important vehicles for the transfer of organisms from faeces, nose, skin, or other sites to food (WHO, 1989). In this study, the vendors studied agreed that the hand must be washed (74.0%), because the organisms such as Salmonella typhi, non-typhi salom-nella, Compylobacter spp. and E. coli can survive on fingers tips and other surfaces for varying periods of time and some cases after hand washing (Pether and Gilbert, 1971; WHO, 1989). Also clean water supply and hand washing or toilet facilities are not available to food street vendors and this in agreement with the findings of Bryan et al. (1988) and Abdalla et al. (2008a). All these findings are in disagreement with requirements for effective hand washing of WHO (1984).  The health and personal hygiene knowledge in this survey showed that the majority of the vendors must be done and should not only be triggered by evidences of visible dirt or objectionable body odour (WHO, 1996; Abdalla et al., 2008a). Adequate temperature in cooking and storage of foods is important to minimize the growth of bacteria (Table 5) and the food that cannot maintain within the safety temperature zone may act as incubator for pathogenic bacteria whether the food is raw, partially cooked or fully done (Roller, 1999; Abdalla et al., 2008b).  The isolation of the pathogenic organisms from vended food (Table 5) that to ensure the food involved in trans-mission of pathogenic bacteria. Similarly, pathogenic organisms such as Hepatitis A, faecal coliform and S. aureus were isolated from food (Roller, 1999; Bryan et al., 2003). Abdalla et al.         6969    Table 2. Health and personal hygiene practices of street food vendors in Atbara city (n = 50).  Topics No. of positive responses % 1. Ailments that temporarily prevented vendors from vending or cooking foods Cough and colds 47 94.0 Diarrhea 47 94 Nausea 47 94.0 Vomiting 47 94 Sore eyes 47 94.0 Stomach cramps 46 92 Sick member of family 40 80.0 2. Hand washing requirements Clean water 48 96.0 Soap 42 84.0 Clean hand towel 32 64.0 Disinfecting solution 1 2.0 3. Reasons for hand washing  Touching money 25 50 Handling garbage 42 84.0 Blowing of nose 35 70.0 After eating meals 49 98.0 After using the toilets 46 92.0 Handling raw foods 19 38.0 Scratching 10 20.0 Continuous food handling 23 46.0    Table 3. Food-handling practices of street food vendors in Atbara (n = 50).  Parameter n % 1. Parameters considered in buying food to be cooked or vended Price 31 62.0 Freshness 29 58.0 Volume 34 66.0 Sold by reputable manufacturer/wholesaler 14 28.0 2. Food handling practices Food cooked during sale 28 56.0 Food cooked on morning of sale 4 8.0 Food sold from tray with covering 11 22.0 Food sold from tray with no covering 19 38.0 Food handled at ground level 19 38.0 Food exposed to flies 47 94.0 Food reheated before sale 19 38.0 Adequate cooking of food 19 38.0 Thorough washing of food to be cooked 17 34.0 Use of safe water for cooking 3 6.0 3. Serving of food Food served with fork/spoon 0 0 Food served with bare hands 30 60.0 Food served into cup/plate 33 66.0 4. Left-over food management used Throw away 15 30.0 6970         Afr. J. Biotechnol.    Table 2. contd.  Eaten at home 11 22.0 Refrigerated and reheated 1 2.0 No answer/no left-over 8 16 5. Source of water for hand washing and cooking Tap 30 60 well 22 44 6. Methods used in cleaning utensils Washing with soap and water 39 78.0 Washing with hot water 4 8.0 Drying with cloths 23 46.0  n = Number of positive response.    Table 4. Knowledge of Food contamination and Symptoms by Street food vendors in Atbara (n = 50)   Topics n % 1. Familiarity with the term food - borne illness 15 30 2. Types of food contaminants include worms and parasites 3 6 splinters of wood and shards of glass 23 46.0 invisible germs in foods 5 10.0 Kerosene oil, detergent, or other similar products 14 28.0 Food colouring, flavouring and spices 17 34.0 Insects, insect droppings and dirt 28 56.0 3. Symptoms of food borne illness… Stomach pain 43 86.0 Diarrhoea 42 84.0 Vomiting 39 78.0 Nausea 34 68.0 Headache 6 12.0 4. Types of food borne illness Typhoid. . . from contaminated water 18 36.0 Cholera from contaminated water 37 74.0 Dysenteryfrom contaminated food and water 30 60.0  n = Number of positive response.    Table 5. Mean and standard deviation level of Total Viable Count of bacterial detected in street food in Atbara city.   Mean log10CFU/g (ml) ± S.D Food item Number TVC E. coli S. auerus Bacillus sp. Cooked vegetable, soup, sauces, meat, chicken, fish etc. 30 4.6 3.2 ± 0.21 3.1 ± 0.25 2.3 ± 0.23 Porridge 10 3.8 2.3 ± 0.23 3.1 ± 0.21 3.2 ± 0.21 Bean (Foul) 12 4.2 3.1 ± 0.25 3.2 ± 0.21 3.2 ± 0.21 Snacks 14 3.3 3.4 ± 0.21 3.2 ± 0.21 3.2 ± 0.23 Bottled drink 20 3.7 3.4 ± 0.21 3.6 ± 0.33 2.3 ± 0.23 juice 20 4.1 3.1 ± 0.21 3.1 ± 0.21 3.6 ± 0.33 Roasted groundnut 8 4.2 3.2 ± 0.21 3.1 ± 0.21 3.1 ± 0.21     In conclusion, the routine medical examination of food handlers must be carried by health officers in the deve-lopment of strategic plans towards regulating safe street food handling, preparation and vending.   REFERENCES  Abdalla MA, Siham ES, Alian YYHA, Amel OB (2008a). Microbial content of the domestic refrigerators in Khartoum area (Khartoum North). Sud. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 47(1&2): 15-23.  Abdalla MA, Sihanm ES, Alian YYHA, Amel OB (2008b). Food safety knowledge and practice of street food-vendors in Khartoum city. Sud. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 47(1&2): 126-136.  Barrow GI, Feltham RKA (1993). Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria (3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Bryan FL, Michanie S, Fernandez NM, Vizcarra MM, Dora TP, Obulia NS, Alonso AB, Requejo EC (1988). Hazard analysis of foods prepared by migrants living in a new settlement at the outskirts of Lima, Peru. J. Food Prot. 51: 373-383.  Bryan MB, Caroline V, Madelon F (2003). Safety of vendor-prepared foods: Evaluation of 10 processing mobile food vendors in Manhattan, Public Health Reports, 118: 470-476.  Ekanem EO (1998). The street food trade in Africa: safety and socio-environmental issues, Food Control 9(4): 211-215 Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Food and Drug Administration Centre for Food Safety Applied Nutrition (FDA/CFSAN) (2003). How can I prevent foodborne illness?  FAO (1995). Street foods. 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Save money, waste love, ambivalence toward purchased convenience food. Annals, series Historia et Sociologia 13(1): 87-102.  Umoh VJ, Odoba MB (1999). Safety and quality evaluation of street foods sold in Zaria, Nigeria, Food Control 10: 9-14.  WHO (1984). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 705, (The role of food safety in health and development): Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Safety. WHO (1989). Health surveillance and management procedures for food handling personnel. WHO technical report series, 785. Geneva. p. 52.  WHO (1996). Essential safety requirements for street vended foods. Food Safety Unit, Division of Food and Nutrition, WHO/FNU/FOS/96.7.            

Food safety knowledge and practices of street foodvendors in Atbara City (Naher Elneel State Sudan)

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Food safety knowledge and practices of street foodvendors in Atbara City (Naher Elneel State Sudan)

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