University of Rijeka. Faculty of Maritime Studies, Rijeka.
Abstract
Logistika grada ima zadaću razvijati i implementirati mjere za postizanje učinkovitog i ekološki prihvatljivog gradskog prometnog sustava. Razvoj gradskog središta za posljedicu ima grupiranje sve većeg broja poslovnih subjekata u gradskom središtu što rezultira povećanjem količine roba koje ulaze u gradsko središte, stvaranje dodatnih zagušenja u prometu, tzv. uskih grla, što pak za posljedicu ima povećanu razinu buke i emisiju štetnih ispušnih plinova, čime je nezadovoljstvo kvalitetom života gradskog stanovništva sve izraženije. Planiranje dostave roba u gradska središta bez teorijske i znanstvene potpore, kao i praktične primjene načela održivog i pametnog razvoja, pritom ne uvažavajući interese svih interesnih skupina logistike grada, negativno utječe na održivi razvoj gradskog središta. Time se javlja potreba za promišljanjem o razvoju upravljanja tokovima dostave roba u gradsko središte s ciljem unapređenja održive logistike grada. U doktorskoj disertaciji predložen je opći model vrednovanja tokova dostave roba u gradska središta, temeljen na sustavnom pristupu, generiranju mogućih scenarija dostavnih aktivnosti unutar gradskog središta, odabiru onih kriterija za evaluaciju koji doprinose razvoju dostavnih aktivnosti i njihovom vrednovanju od strane pojedinih interesnih skupina. Analizom relevantne znanstvene literature i motiva (interesa) interesnih skupina (prijevoznici, gospodarski subjekti, lokalno stanovništvo i javna uprava) odabrani kriteriji su podijeljeni u nekoliko skupina: tehničko-tehnološki, ekonomsko-financijski, organizacijski i društveni kriteriji. Također, predloženi su mogući scenariji dostave roba unutar gradskog središta; status quo, dostava iz jednog konsolidacijskog centra, dostava iz dvaju konsolidacijskih centara, dostava ekološki prihvatljivim vozilima iz jednog konsolidacijskog centra te livability scenarij. Navedene skupine kriterija i pojedinačni kriteriji vrednovale su relevantne interesne skupine kako bi se utvrdila važnost (težina) pojedinih kriterija na razvoj dostave roba u gradsko središte. U doktorskoj disertaciji primijenjena je višeučesnička-višekriterijska analiza (MAMCA) koja se temelji na optimizaciji i rangiranju scenarija sukladno zadanom cilju, problemu istraživanja, definiranim kriterijima i interesima interesnih skupina. Rješenje MAMCA analize sukladno zadanom cilju optimizacije najbolje vrednuje scenarij s dva konsolidacijska centra. Dodatno su se svi scenariji testirali na primjeru tokova dostave roba u gradsko središte grada Rijeke putem simulacijskog alata VISSIM. Testirajući scenarije, uz ograničenja primjene simulacijskog alata i odabira kriterija vrednovanja najbolji scenarij dostave roba je iz jednog konsolidacijskog centra. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata višeučesničke-višekriterijske analize i provedene simulacije u realnom okruženju grada Rijeke, III zaključuje se da se postojeći način dostave roba u gradu Rijeci (status quo) može unaprijediti izgradnjom konsolidacijskog centra. Dodatno, dostava robe ekološki prihvatljivim vozilima može bitno utjecati na poboljšanje kvalitete života u gradskom središtu. Doktorskom disertacijom dokazalo se da pri donošenju odluka vezanih uz dostavne aktivnosti unutar gradskog središta treba uzeti u obzir interese interesnih skupina, kriterije za vrednovanje te moguće scenarije tokova roba u gradsko središte te dobivene rezultate testirati u stvarnom okruženju grada kako bi se doprinijelo unapređenju održive logistike grada.The task of city logistics is to develop and implement measures for achievement of effective and ecologically acceptable traffic system. Development of city centre leads to grouping of large numbers of business operators in the city centre, resulting in the increase of the quantity of goods entering the city centre, causing additional traffic congestion, the so called bottlenecks, eventually causing higher levels of noise and emission of exhaust gasses which leads to major dissatisfaction with the quality of life of city population. Planning of delivery of goods into city centres without theoretical and scientific support, as well as without the practical application of the principles of sustainable and smart development, without taking into consideration the interests of all stakeholders in city logistics, have a negative impact on the sustainable development of the city centre. A need to deliberate the development of management of delivery of goods to city centre in order to improve the sustainable city logistics becomes imminent. The doctorate thesis proposes a general model of evaluation of delivery activities to city centres, based on a systematic approach, generation of possible scenarios of delivery activities within the city centre, selection of criteria for evaluation which contribute to the development of delivery activities and their validation by specific stakeholders. The analysis of relevant scientific literature and motives (interests) of stakeholders (carriers, economic operators, local population and public administration) led to division of selected criteria into several groups: technical – technological, economic – financial, organizational and social. Possible scenarios for delivery of goods within the city centre have also been proposed: status quo, delivery using a single consolidation centre, delivery using two consolidation centres, delivery by ecologically acceptable vehicles of one consolidation centre and livability scenario. The stated groups of criteria and the individual criteria were validated by relevant stakeholders in order to determine the importance (weight) of individual criteria on development of delivery of goods to the city centre. A multi-actor multi-criteria analysis (MAMCA), based on optimization and ranking of scenarios in line with the set goal, research problem, defined criteria and interests of stakeholders was used in the thesis. The solution of MAMCA analysis in accordance with the set goal of optimization evaluates the scenario with two consolidation centres as the best one. Additionally, all scenarios were tested on an example of delivery of goods to Rijeka city centre using a simulation tool VISSIM. Testing the scenarios, with limitations in application of the simulation tool and possible selection of evaluation criteria, the scenario of delivery of goods from one consolidation centre is proposed as the best solution. Based on the results of multi-actor-multi- criteria analysis and the implemented simulation in the real environment of the city of Rijeka, it is concluded that the existing model of delivery of goods to Rijeka city centre may be improved by construction of a consolidation centre. The construction of the consolidation centre significantly reduces the distance between the origin and the delivery point resulting in significant saving in time of arrival to the delivery point and particularly in lower consumption of fuel. Additionally, implementation of delivery by ecologically acceptable vehicles can definitely have a positive impact on the quality of life in the city centre. The doctorate thesis has proven that in the process of making decisions relating to delivery activities within the city centre it is important to take into consideration the interests of stakeholders, criteria for evaluation and possible scenarios for courses of delivery of goods to city centres. The results arising thereof should be tested in the real environment of the city in order to contribute to the improvement of sustainable city logistics
