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    μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : λ²•κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 법학과, 2019. 2. μ΄λ΄‰μ˜.λ³Έ 논문은 κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜λ²•μƒ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œμ˜ λŒ€μƒμΈ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ이닀. κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜λ²• λ²•λ¬Έμ—λŠ” μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ— κ΄€ν•œ λͺ…μ‹œμ  μ •μ˜κ°€ μ—†μœΌλ©°, 이에 따라 μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλŠ” 이에 κ΄€ν•œ λ³„λ„μ˜ λ…Όμ˜λ„ 이루어진바 μ—†λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬μ™€ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œμ˜ 법리가 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν‰κ°€λ˜λŠ” 유럽의 경우 1979λ…„μ˜ Hoffmann-La Roche 판결 이후 μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 반볡적으둜 μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ 더 이상 κ²½μŸμ‘°κ±΄μ„ μ•…ν™”μ‹œν‚€μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 보닀 높은 주의의무인 νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ„ κΈμ •ν•˜κ³  있고, 2009λ…„ μ œμ •λœ 유럽 μ§‘ν–‰μœ„μ›νšŒμ˜ λ°°μ œλ‚¨μš©μ— κ΄€ν•œ μ§‘ν–‰μ§€μΉ¨μ—μ„œ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ˜ κ°œλ…μ„ μˆ˜μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이에 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜λ²• ν•΄μ„λ‘ μœΌλ‘œλ„ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ„ 인정할 수 μžˆμ„ 것인지 및 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ„ 인정할 수 μžˆλŠ” κ·Όκ±°λŠ” 무엇인지λ₯Ό 규λͺ…함을 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ³Έ 논문은 λ¨Όμ € κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜λ²•μƒ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ§€μœ„ λ‚¨μš©ν–‰μœ„ 규제의 λͺ©μ μ΄ 무엇인지λ₯Ό λ°νžŒλ‹€. κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ μš°μ„  μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ˜ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œλ₯Ό κ°œκ΄€ν•˜κ³ , μ œλ„ μ‹œν–‰ 이후 κ·Έ κ°„μ˜ 집행싀적을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€. 그리고 μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ§€μœ„ λ‚¨μš©ν–‰μœ„μ— κ΄€ν•œ 졜초의 λŒ€λ²•μ› μ „μ›ν•©μ˜μ²΄ 판결인 2007λ…„ ν¬μŠ€μ½” 판결의 νŒμ‹œ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ‹¬λ„μžˆκ²Œ μ†Œκ°œν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό ν‰κ°€ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ ꡭ내법적 κ²€ν† λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚¨μš© 규제의 λͺ©μ μ„ 규λͺ…ν•˜λŠ”λ° μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ―€λ‘œ λŒ€ν‘œμ μœΌλ‘œ λ―Έκ΅­, μœ λŸ½μ—°ν•© 및 λ…μΌμ˜ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œλ₯Ό κ°œκ΄€ν•˜κ³  각 μž…λ²•λ‘€λ³„λ‘œ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œμ˜ λͺ©μ μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ κ³ μ°°ν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ΄ μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ„μž…λ˜κ³  κ΅¬μ²΄ν™”λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€μ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€. κ΅¬μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 유럽 λ²•μ›μ˜ Hoffmann-La Roche 판결(1979), Michelin I 판결(1983), British Airways 판결(2007) 및 Intel 판결(2017)의 νŒμ‹œ λ‚΄μš© 및 λ‚¨μš©μ˜ κ°œλ… 등에 κ΄€ν•œ 유럽 μ§‘ν–‰μœ„μ›νšŒμ˜ λ°°μ œλ‚¨μš©μ— κ΄€ν•œ 집행지침을 μ†Œκ°œν•œλ‹€. 이후에 νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ΄ μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ 수용되게 된 이둠적 κ·Όκ±°κ°€ λ˜λŠ” λ…μΌμ˜ μ§ˆμ„œμžμœ μ£Όμ˜μ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ , 우리 법 ν•΄μ„μ—μ„œλ„ μ§ˆμ„œμžμœ μ£Όμ˜μ μΈ 해석이 μœ νš¨ν•¨μ„ λ°νžŒλ‹€. μ΄μ–΄μ„œ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ΄ κ²½μŸλ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λ– ν•œ ν•¨μ˜λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ” 것인지 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€. λ¨Όμ € κ·Έ 법적 성격에 κ΄€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ†Œκ°œν•˜κ³  λ‚¨μš©ν–‰μœ„μ˜ κ°œλ…μ— λΉ„μΆ”μ–΄ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜λ²• ν•΄μ„λ‘ μœΌλ‘œλ„ μœ„λ²•μ„± μš”μ†Œλ‘œ 해석함이 타당함을 μž…μ¦ν•œλ‹€. 그리고 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 해석이 μ±…μž„μ˜ 크기가 지배λ ₯의 크기에 λΉ„λ‘€ν•  수 있게 되며, νš¨κ³Όμ€‘μ‹¬μ  접근법과도 μ‘°ν™”λ₯Ό 이룰 수 μžˆμŒμ„ λ°νžŒλ‹€. μœ„μ™€ 같은 λ…Όμ˜λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ˜ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œ 싀무에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„νŒμ  κ²€ν† λ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•œλ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜 κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜μœ„μ›νšŒμ˜ 였라클 사건 κ²°μ •(2015), λ²•μ›μ˜ ν¬μŠ€μ½” 판결(2007), λ†μ—…ν˜‘λ™μ‘°ν•© 판결(2009) 및 μ΄λ² μ΄μ§€λ§ˆμΌ“ 판결(2008)을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³  각 μ‚¬μ—…μžλ³„λ‘œ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ΄ 인정될 경우 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 결둠이 λ„μΆœ 될 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μƒμ˜ λ…Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ „μ œλ‘œ κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜λ²• ν•΄μ„λ‘ μœΌλ‘œλ„ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ„ 인정할 수 있으며, 이λ₯Ό λͺ…ν™•νžˆ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ§€μœ„ λ‚¨μš©ν–‰μœ„ 심사지침에 객관적 κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ λ‚¨μš©ν–‰μœ„μ˜ μ •μ˜κ·œμ • 및 νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ— κ΄€ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μ„ 담을 것을 μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 같은 λ…Έλ ₯은 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ ν–‰μœ„μ€€μΉ™μ„ λͺ…ν™•νžˆ ν•˜λŠ” μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλ„ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ 있으며 λ²•μ›μ˜ ν¬μŠ€μ½” 판결 이후 μœ„μΆ•λœ κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜μœ„μ›νšŒμ˜ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ§€μœ„ λ‚¨μš©ν–‰μœ„ 집행 νƒœλ„λ₯Ό μž¬κ³ ν•˜λŠ”λ° 도움을 쀄 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆλ‹€.This thesis is a study on special responsibility of dominant undertaking subject to regulations on abuse under the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act(hereinafter referred to as the Korean competition law).T here is no explicit definition of special responsibilities of dominant undertaking in the Korean competition law, therefore any discussion on this issue has not been made in Korea. However, in Europe, where the laws of abuse are considered similar to ours, special responsibility of the higher duties of care not to aggravate the competition in the market has been accepted since the judgement of Hoffmann-La Roche was made in 1979 and the concept of special responsibility was admitted in the Guidance on the Commissions enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings, which was established in 2009. This study is aimed to find out whether the special responsibility of dominant undertaking would be allowed by interpreting the Korean competition law and, in turn, why the special responsibility of dominant undertaking is allowed. First of all, this thesis identifies the purpose of regulating abuse of market dominant position under the Korean competition law. Following this, we will first review the country's abuse regulations and the performance of its implementation since the system of abuse regulations started. It also provides an in-depth introduction and assessment of the 2007 POSCO decision, which was made on the abuse of market dominant position by the first full bench of the Supreme Court of Korea. Also, the review of domestic laws is not sufficient to analyze the purpose of the abuse regulation, so we deal with the abuse regulations in the United States, the European Union and Germany, and discuss how to understand the purpose of the abuse regulations for each legislation. Next, we look at how special responsibility of dominant undertaking has been introduced and specified in Europe. In detail, we introduce the European Court's judgement of Hoffmann-La Roche (1979), Michelin I (1983), British Airways (2007), Intel (2017) and the concept of abuse under the Guidance on the Commissions enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings. Later, we look at Germany's ordo-liberalism as a theoretical basis for which special responsibility was accepted in Europe, and explain our law can be interpreted effectively by ordo-liberalism. We then discuss what special responsibility means in Korean competition law. First, we introduce a discussion on the legal nature of special responsibility and then prove it reasonable to consider special responsibility as the factor of illegality under Korean competition law. We also show that this idea allows the magnitude of responsibility to be proportional to the magnitude of control and can be harmonized with an effect-based approach. Based on the above discussions, a critical review of Korea's practice of regulating abuse is conducted. Specifically, the Fair Trade Commission's decision on Oracle case (2015), the court's decisions on POSCO (2007), the Agricultural Cooperative Federation (2009) and the eBayGMarket (2008) are analyzed and what conclusions could be reached if special responsibility was applied to each enterpriser. Finally, above discussions conclude that special responsibility of dominant undertakings can be fully admitted through interpreting Korean competition law and I proposed that the objective definition of abuse and the content of special responsibility should be included in the guideline on examination of abuse of market dominant position for clarification. These efforts are meant to clarify the standard for the conduct of the enterpriser and to help reconsider the Fair Trade Commission's enforcement for abuse of market dominant position, which has shrunk since the court made the decision on POSCO.제 1 μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 제 1 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  1 제 2 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ²”μœ„μ™€ 방법 3 제 2 μž₯ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ§€μœ„ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œμ˜ λͺ©μ  6 제 1 절 μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ§€μœ„ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œ κ°œκ΄€ 6 1. λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œμ˜ 법적 κ·Όκ±° 6 2. κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜λ²•μƒ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ§€μœ„ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œμ˜ νŠΉμ§• 8 3. λ‚¨μš©ν–‰μœ„μ˜ λΆ„λ₯˜ 9 4. κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜λ²•μƒ λ‚¨μš©ν–‰μœ„μ˜ λΆ„λ₯˜ 10 제 2 절 μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ§€μœ„ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œμ˜ λͺ©μ  11 1. μ„œμ–Έ 11 2. κ³΅μ •κ±°λž˜λ²•μƒ λ‚¨μš©κ·œμ œμ˜ λͺ©μ  11 제 3 절 비ꡐ법적 κ²€ν†  21 1. λ―Έκ΅­ λ…μ κΈˆμ§€λ²•μ˜ νƒœλ„ 21 2. 유럽 κ²½μŸλ²•μ˜ νƒœλ„ 26 3. 독일 κ²½μŸμ œν•œλ°©μ§€λ²•μ˜ νƒœλ„ 30 제 4 절 μ†Œκ²° 32 제 3 μž₯ μ‹œμž₯지배적 μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„ 35 제 1 절 ꡬ체화 κ³Όμ • 35 1. 유럽 λ²•μ›μ˜ νŒκ²°μ„ ν†΅ν•œ μˆ˜μš©Β·λ°œμ „ 35 2. 유럽 μ§‘ν–‰μœ„μ›νšŒμ˜ μž…μž₯ 45 3. 정리 45 제 2 절 νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ˜ 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 46 1. 이념적 λ°°κ²½ - μ§ˆμ„œμžμœ μ£Όμ˜ 46 2. 법적 λ°°κ²½ 49 제 3 절 νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ±…μž„μ˜ κ²½μŸλ²•μ  ν•¨μ˜ 50 1. 법적 성격 51 2. 지배λ ₯의 ν¬κΈ°μ™€μ˜ 상관관계 55 3. νš¨κ³Όμ€‘μ‹¬μ  μ ‘κ·Όλ°©μ‹κ³Όμ˜ λΆ€μ‘°ν™” μ—¬λΆ€ 56 4. μ†Œκ²° 57 제 4 μž₯ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ 싀무에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„νŒμ  κ²€ν†  59 제 1 절 μ„œμ–Έ 59 제 2 절 심결둀 및 νŒλ‘€ κ²€ν†  59 1. 심결둀 κ²€ν†  59 2. νŒλ‘€ κ²€ν†  62 3. μ†Œκ²° 69 제 3 절 μž…λ²•λ‘  λ“± μ œλ„ 보완 사항 71 1. 심사지침 κ°œμ • κ²€ν†  71 2. ν¬μŠ€μ½” 판결의 μ œν•œ λ…Έλ ₯ 73 제 5 μž₯ κ²°λ‘  75 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 76 Abstract 80Maste

    μ˜λ―Έλ²•μƒ λ…Όμ˜ 및 κ·Έ μ‹œμ‚¬μ μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : λ²•κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 법학과, 2021. 2. λ…Έν˜μ€€.Article 43(1) of the Korean Trust Act, enacted in 2012, states: Where a trustee has violated his duties incurring any loss to the trust property, the settlor, beneficiary, or other trustees where a number of trustees exist, may request the relevant trustee to restore, reinstate the trust property: Provided, that where it is impossible or substantially impracticable to reinstate the trust property, or excessive expenses are incurred in such reinstatement, or where any special ground exists making reinstatement inappropriate, a claim for damages may be raised.Furthermore, article 43(3) of the Korean Trust Act states that where a trustee is in breach of a duty of loyalty stipulated in Articles 33 through 37, he should disgorge all the profits acquired by himself or a third party to the trust property, even if no loss has incurred to the trust property. The disgorgement remedy set out in Article 43(3) provides exceptional relief, preventing the trustee from realizing any gains resulting from a breach of the trustees fiduciary duty. Yet, this powerful gain-based remedy has not been applied by courts in South Korea. Thus, it is difficult to understand a clear rule for determining disgorgement of profits case. Before the enactment of article 43(3), there have been debates by legal scholars whether any legal basis already existed for disgorgement of profits in South Korea. Unjust enrichment and management of anothers affairs(negotiorum gestio) were traditional remedies available to an injured party, however the legal basis for disgorgement of profits was tenuous. Thus, the legislature found it necessary to specially enact Article 43(3) to be able to impose this remedy. However, no case law has been developed so far and Article 43(3) is often overlooked due to its obscurity. The purpose of this dissertation is to clarify the nature and function of a trustees fiduciary duty and the disgorgement of profits under Article 43(3) by analyzing the fiduciary duty of a trustee and the remedies available for breach of a trustees fiduciary duty in Anglo-American jurisprudence. This dissertation will first examine the basic principles of disgorgement of profits in a breach of trustees fiduciary duty in Anglo-American jurisprudence. In Anglo-American jurisprudence, the purpose of disgorgement of profits is to strip profits if they are gained in a breach of fiduciary duty owed by the trustee to its beneficiaries. The fiduciary duty of the trustee requires the fiduciary to exercise the highest duty of trust and confidence between the fiduciary and its beneficiaries. The fiduciary must exercise its powers and discretion carefully given the vulnerable and dependent nature of any beneficiarys relationship to its trustee. Given the special status of this relationship, a trustee owes the highest fiduciary duty to the beneficiary, which includes the no-conflict rule and the no-profit rule. The vitally important duty of loyalty is not self-enforcing, and when a breach occurs, the remedy should be in conformity with the duty. The rationale for disgorgement of profits is to deter a breach of the duty of loyalty. Deterrence and prophylaxis are the strongest rational for disgorgement of profits. The quantification of illegally gained profits must reflect the nuances of the fiduciary relationship and the manner in which the duty was breached; the uneasy interplay between causation, remoteness and allowances must be considered. In ordering a disgorgement of profits, a court should factor in the fiduciarys skill and effort in determining the amount of the profits that should be disgorged. Disgorgement of profits is a harsh remedy, and its effectiveness as a deterrent depends on its proportionality to the wrongs. This paper will also address the liability of third parties to its beneficiaries in Anglo-American jurisprudence. The liability of third parties is based upon the concepts of knowing receipt and knowing assistance. When a third party receives a trust asset which has been disposed of by the trustee in breach of the trustees duty, and the third party has knowledge of the breach of duty, then the third party can be held liable to its beneficiaries for the value of the asset. Moreover, if the third party knowingly assists the trustee in a dishonest and fraudulent manner, the third party can be held independently liable to its beneficiaries for the third partys misconduct. Under the Korean Trust Act, when the trustee has engaged in a legal act in violation of the purpose of trust, the beneficiary is granted the right to seek recission. However, the remedy of recission is only available when the third party (and a subsequent purchaser) knows about the trustees breach of fiduciary duty at the time when the breach occurs, or the third party is unaware of the breach due to gross negligence of the third party. Unlike Anglo-American jurisprudence, knowing assistance is not a basis for imposing liability on a third party in South Korea. However, this dissertation proposes that South Korea should adopt the basis for liability to include knowing assistance, to ensure that the third party does not profit from his wrongdoing. Most circumstances involving knowing assistance pertain to professionals, such as financial institutions, accountants, and legal professionals alleged to have fostered the fiduciarys misconduct. Finally, this paper examines whether it is plausible to apply the disgorgement of profits remedy to a corporations board of directors. In Anglo-American jurisprudence, a director of a corporation is categorically treated as a status-based fiduciary who owes a fiduciary duty to the corporation. If unauthorized profits are made by a director in breach of his fiduciary duty to the corporation, the director should be required to disgorge the profits just as a disloyal trustee is required to disgorge profits under the Trust Act in South Korea. Under the Korean Commercial Code, remedies exist that are functionally similar to the disgorgement of profits, yet these remedies are fragmented. For instance, directors are prohibited from engaging in a transaction which competes with their corporations interests without the consent of the board of directors. If a director violates his duty not to compete in the absence of the boards consent, the director may be held liable for monetary damages sustained by the corporation. Additionally, intervention rights are granted to a corporation under the Korean Commercial Code. The corporation may intervene and substitute itself for the director in the third-party transaction. Furthermore, a director may not usurp certain business opportunities available to the corporation without approval by the board of directors. If a director usurps the corporations business opportunity in contravention of his fiduciary duty, then the director may be held liable for damages based upon a presumption that the ill-gotten gains made by the director are the damages suffered by the corporation. Both intervention rights and the presumption that illegal profits are the corporations damages are modified forms of the remedy of disgorgement of profits. However, a breach of a general duty of loyalty under the Korean Commercial Code does not stipulate these gain-based remedies. The directors of a corporation are in charge of managing the companys business and thus, their role is similar to that of a trustee. Thus, this paper argues that the remedy of disgorgement of profits should be adopted for breach of a duty of loyalty by a director under the Korean Commercial Code.신탁법 제43μ‘° 제1항은 μˆ˜νƒμžμ˜ μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅ μ±…μž„μ„ κ·œμ •ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜νƒμžκ°€ 의무λ₯Ό μœ„λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹ νƒμž¬μ‚°μ— 손해가 생긴 κ²½μš°μ— 의무λ₯Ό μœ„λ°˜ν•œ μˆ˜νƒμžμ—κ²Œ μ‹ νƒμž¬μ‚°μ˜ μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅μ„ 청ꡬ할 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  κ·œμ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이에 덧뢙여 제43μ‘° 제3항은 μˆ˜νƒμžκ°€ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό μœ„λ°˜ν•œ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ‹ νƒμž¬μ‚°μ— 손해가 생기지 μ•„λ‹ˆν•˜μ˜€λ”λΌλ„ μˆ˜νƒμžλŠ” 그둜 μΈν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜νƒμžλ‚˜ 제3μžκ°€ 얻은 이득 μ „λΆ€λ₯Ό μ‹ νƒμž¬μ‚°μ— λ°˜ν™˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  κ·œμ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 제43μ‘° 제3항은 2012λ…„ 신탁법 μ „λ©΄κ°œμ • μ‹œ μ˜λ―Έλ²•μ˜ μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμ˜ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ„ λ„μž…ν•˜λ €κ³  μ‹ μ„€ν•œ κ·œμ •μ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ 논문은 신탁법 제43쑰에 λŒ€ν•œ μˆ˜νƒμžμ˜ μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅μ±…μž„ 및 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ 성격을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³  λ°˜ν™˜ λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό νšμ •ν•˜λŠ” 법리λ₯Ό κ²€ν† ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄λŠ” νŠΉμ • κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ ν˜•μ„±λœ 신뒰와 μ‹ μž„μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” 법적 μž₯치둜 νŒŒμ•…ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 신인관계에 μžˆλŠ” μ–‘ λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžμ‚¬μ΄μ—λŠ” 신뒰와 μ‹ μž„μ΄ ν˜•μ„±μ΄ λœλ‹€. 이 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμΈ 일방 λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžμ—κ²Œ 폭넓은 μž¬λŸ‰μ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜κΈ°μ— 본인은 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμ˜ κΆŒν•œκ³Ό μž¬λŸ‰μ— 따라 μ’Œμ§€μš°μ§€λ˜λŠ” μ·¨μ•½μ„±, μ˜μ‘΄μ„±μ„ 띄고 정보 λΆˆκ· ν˜•μ˜ 상황에 놓여 있게 λœλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 일반적인 계약관계와 달리 신인관계에 μžˆλŠ” 본인은 일정 μž₯μΉ˜μ— μ˜ν•΄ 보호λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžκ°€ μžμ‹ μ˜ 이읡을 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄λ³΄λ‹€ μš°μ„ μ‹œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμ˜ μ§€μœ„ 등을 말미암아 이읡을 μ·¨λ“ν•˜λŠ” 것을 κΈˆμ§€ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μ΅μΆ©λŒκΈˆμ§€ 원칙과 이읡ν–₯μˆ˜κΈˆμ§€ 원칙은 본인을 λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μž₯치의 κ°€μž₯ 기본일 것이닀. μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 것과 같은 μ·¨μ§€μ—μ„œ μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜ μ±…μž„μ˜ 좔ꢁ 방법도 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμ˜ 의무 μœ„λ°˜μ˜ 얡지와 예방 λͺ©μ μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λ°©ν–₯으둜 이루어져야 ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 신탁법 제43μ‘° 제3ν•­μ˜ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ λ„μž…μ€ λ°”λžŒμ§ν•˜λ‹€. μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ„ μ λ°œν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°μ— μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžκ°€ 의무 μœ„λ°˜μ„ 톡해 μ·¨λ“ν•œ 이읡을 μ „λΆ€ ν† μΆœν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨μ€ λΆ„λͺ… μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμ˜ 의무 μœ„λ°˜μ„ 얡지 및 μ˜ˆλ°©ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것이라고 κΈ°λŒ€ν•œλ‹€. λ‹€λ§Œ 아직 우리 μ‹ νƒλ²•μ—μ„œ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ„ ꡬ체적으둜 μ μš©ν•œ νŒλ‘€κ°€ μΌμ²œν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이λ₯Ό μ μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ•ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” ν–₯ν›„ 우리 μ‹ νƒλ²•μ—μ„œ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ μš©ν•  것인지에 λŒ€ν•œ 길작이λ₯Ό λ§ˆλ ¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ˜λ―Έλ²•μ˜ 이둠과 νŒλ‘€λ₯Ό μžμ„Ένžˆ κ²€ν† ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ˜λ―Έλ²•μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ˜ μ±…μž„μ˜ 엄격성과 이둜 μΈν•œ κ°€ν˜Ήν•œ μ±…μž„ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ κ· ν˜•μ„ 이루기 μœ„ν•΄ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ λ°˜ν™˜λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•  λ•Œμ— 인과관계 κΈ°μ€€, 격원성 κΈ°μ€€ 및 곡제 λ“±μ˜ 방식을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ˜ 얡지 λͺ©μ κ³Ό κ³΅ν‰μ˜ λͺ©μ μ„ λ™μ‹œμ— λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ˜λ―Έλ²•μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμ˜ μ±…μž„ μ™Έ 제3μˆ˜λ Ήμžμ™€ 제3μ‘°λ ₯μžκ°€ μš”κ±΄μ„ λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜λ©΄ 제3μžμ—κ²Œλ„ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ„ λΆ€κ³Όν•œλ‹€. 반면 우리 신탁법은 제3μžκ°€ 직접 이득을 μ·¨λ“ν•œ κ²½μš°μ—λ„ μˆ˜νƒμžμ—κ²Œ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ„ λΆ€κ³Όν•˜λŠ” 방식을 μ·¨ν•˜κ³  제3μ‘°λ ₯자 μ±…μž„μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜λŠ” 아직 이루어지지 μ•Šκ³  μžˆλ‹€. 제3수령자의 경우, μˆ˜νƒμžμ—κ²Œ μ±…μž„μ„ μ μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ— 신탁법 제75μ‘° 수읡자 μ·¨μ†ŒκΆŒμ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ‹œ 제43쑰에 λ”°λ₯Έ μˆ˜νƒμžμ˜ μ±…μž„κ³Ό 제75μ‘° 수읡자 μ·¨μ†ŒκΆŒμ˜ 관계에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ κ³ μ°°ν•΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ˜λ―Έλ²•μ˜ 제3자 μ±…μž„μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 우리 μ‹ νƒλ²•μ—μ„œλ„ 제3자 μ±…μž„μ„ λ„μž…ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³Έ 논문은 μˆ˜νƒμž 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ „ν˜•μ μΈ 신인관계에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ λ„μž… ν•„μš”μ„±μ„ κ²€ν† ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ˜λ―Έλ²•μƒ νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ΄μ‚¬λŠ” λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜κ³  μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ—λ„ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ„ μ μš©ν•œλ‹€. 우리 νšŒμ‚¬λ²•μ—μ„œλŠ” 일반적인 μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ κ·œμ • 외에도 μžκΈ°κ±°λž˜κΈˆμ§€, κ²½μ—…κΈˆμ§€ 및 νšŒμ‚¬κΈ°νšŒ μœ μš©κΈˆμ§€ λ“± μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄μ˜ μ„ΈλΆ€κ·œμ •μ„ 두고 μžˆλ‹€. μ„ΈλΆ€κ·œμ • μœ„λ°˜μ‹œμ—λŠ” κ°œμž…κΆŒκ³Ό 이읡의 μ†ν•΄μΆ”μ •κ·œμ •μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨μ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ—λŠ” μ†ν•΄λ°°μƒμ±…μž„λ§Œμ„ μ μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ 뿐 λ³„λ„μ˜ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨μ„ κ·œμ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μ—„κ²©ν•œ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ 이행을 μ΄‰κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ„ λ„μž…ν•  것을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€.λͺ©μ°¨ 제1μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 제1절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 및 λͺ©μ  1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 1 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  1 제2절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ꡬ성 및 μš©μ–΄μ˜ μ •μ˜ 2 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ꡬ성 2 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ²”μœ„ 3 3. μš©μ–΄μ˜ μ •μ˜ 및 λ¬Έν—Œμ˜ 인용 4 제2μž₯ 영미의 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 및 λΆ€λ‹Ήμ΄λ“λ²•μ œ 7 제1절 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μ˜ 성격과 κΈ°λŠ₯ 7 1. 신인관계 7 κ°€. μ‹ μΈκ΄€κ³„μ˜ 본질 7 λ‚˜. ꡬ뢄 κ°œλ… 10 2. μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μ˜ 성격과 λ‚΄μš© 11 κ°€. μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μ˜ λ‚΄μš© 11 λ‚˜. μ†Œκ·Ήμ  κΈˆμ§€μ˜λ¬΄μΈκ°€ λͺ…령적 μž‘μœ„μ˜λ¬΄μΈκ°€ 23 λ‹€. κ³΅ν‰μ˜λ¬΄μ˜ μ§€μœ„ 25 3. μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯ 29 κ°€. 보좩적, 보쑰적 κΈ°λŠ₯ 30 λ‚˜. 예방 및 얡지 κΈ°λŠ₯ 30 제2절 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ˜ 사법적 효λ ₯ 31 1. μ˜κ΅­λ²•μ˜ 경우 31 κ°€. 문제의 μ†Œμž¬ 31 λ‚˜. κ²¬ν•΄μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ 32 λ‹€. μ·¨μ†ŒκΆŒ 행사와 κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨μ˜ 관계 34 2. λ―Έκ΅­λ²•μ˜ 경우 34 κ°€. 제3μ°¨ μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅λ²• 및 뢀당이득법 λ¦¬μŠ€ν…Œμ΄νŠΈλ¨ΌνŠΈ 34 λ‚˜. 제3μ°¨ 신탁법 λ¦¬μŠ€ν…Œμ΄νŠΈλ¨ΌνŠΈ 35 λ‹€. 톡일신탁법 35 제3절 영미의 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ˜ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 36 1. ν˜•ν‰λ²•μƒ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨μ˜ νŠΉμ§• 36 2. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 37 3. μ˜μ œμ‹ νƒ 38 κ°€. 영ꡭ의 μ˜μ œμ‹ νƒ 38 λ‚˜. 미ꡭ의 μ˜μ œμ‹ νƒ 42 λ‹€. μ˜μ œμ‹ νƒμ˜ 쟁점 43 4. ν˜•ν‰λ²•μƒ 손해배상 45 κ°€. ν˜•ν‰λ²•μƒ 손해배상 적용 45 λ‚˜. μ†ν•΄λ°°μƒμ±…μž„κ³Ό μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ 청ꡬꢌ κ²½ν•© 46 5. 수읡자 μ·¨μ†ŒκΆŒ 47 κ°€. 수읡자 μ·¨μ†ŒκΆŒμ€ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨μΈκ°€ 47 λ‚˜. 수읡자 μ·¨μ†ŒκΆŒκ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨μ˜ 관계 47 6. κΈˆμ§€λͺ…λ Ή 48 제4절 영미의 λΆ€λ‹Ήμ΄λ“λ²•μ œ 48 1. 영ꡭ의 뢀당이득법 48 κ°€. λΆ€λ‹Ήμ΄λ“λ²•μ˜ λ°œμ „κ³Όμ • 48 λ‚˜. μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅λ²•μ˜ 전톡적인 ꡬ뢄 49 λ‹€. 뢀당이득법과 μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅λ²•μ˜ 관계 54 라. 이득에 κΈ°λ°˜μ„ λ‘” κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 56 2. 미ꡭ의 뢀당이득법 57 κ°€. μ†μ‹€μžμ˜ μž¬μ‚°κ°μ†Œμ— μ˜ν•œ μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅ 57 λ‚˜. μœ„λ²•ν–‰μœ„μ— μ˜ν•œ μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅ 58 λ‹€. μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅μ±…μž„: κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨κ³Ό μ μš©λ²”μœ„ 60 3. μ†Œκ²° 61 κ°€. 우리 λΆ€λ‹Ήμ΄λ“λ²•λ¦¬μ™€μ˜ 비ꡐ 61 λ‚˜. μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μžμ˜ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„κ³Ό 뢀당이득법 62 제3μž₯ 영미의 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 63 제1절 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ 의의 64 1. κ°œλ… 및 κ·Όκ±° 64 κ°€. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ κ°œλ… 및 연원 64 λ‚˜. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ κ·Όκ±° 65 2. 법적 성격과 κ΅¬λ³„κ°œλ… 73 κ°€. 법적 성격 73 λ‚˜. κ΅¬λ³„κ°œλ…κ³Ό μ μš©λ²”μœ„ 78 제2절 영ꡭ의 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 80 1. μ±…μž„μ˜ λ²”μœ„ 81 κ°€. μ±…μž„μ˜ λ²”μœ„ νšμ •μ˜ 어렀움 81 λ‚˜. 인과관계 81 λ‹€. 곡제 85 라. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이자 88 2. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„κ³Ό 제3자 μ±…μž„ 90 κ°€. 제3자 μ±…μž„μ˜ ꡬ뢄 90 λ‚˜. 제3 수령자 μ±…μž„ 91 λ‹€. 제3 μ‘°λ ₯자 μ±…μž„ 96 3. 영ꡭ의 ꡬ체적인 νŒλ‘€ 뢄석 101 κ°€. μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄μ˜ 엄격성 101 λ‚˜. 인과관계, 격원성 λ“± 104 λ‹€. 곡제 107 제3절 미ꡭ의 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 111 1. 미ꡭ의 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 법원(法源) 111 κ°€. 제3μ°¨ 신탁법 λ¦¬μŠ€ν…Œμ΄νŠΈλ¨ΌνŠΈ 111 λ‚˜. 제2μ°¨ 신탁법 λ¦¬μŠ€ν…Œμ΄νŠΈλ¨ΌνŠΈ 114 λ‹€. 톡일신탁법 116 라. 제3μ°¨ μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅λ²• 및 뢀당이득법 117 마. 영ꡭ과의 차이점 118 2. μ±…μž„μ˜ λ²”μœ„ 119 κ°€. 인과관계 및 곡제 119 λ‚˜. κ·€μ†μ˜ 문제 120 λ‹€. μž…μ¦μ±…μž„κ³Ό λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„± μœ„ν—˜ 122 라. Friedmann ꡐ수의 견해 122 3. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„κ³Ό 제3자 μ±…μž„ 123 κ°€. 제3μ°¨ μ›μƒνšŒλ³΅λ²• 및 λΆ€λ‹Ήμ΄λ“λ²•μ˜ 제3자 μ±…μž„ 123 λ‚˜. 제3μ°¨ 신탁법 λ¦¬μŠ€ν…Œμ΄νŠΈλ¨ΌνŠΈμ˜ 제3자 μ±…μž„ 124 λ‹€. 제2μ°¨ 신탁법 λ¦¬μŠ€ν…Œμ΄νŠΈλ¨ΌνŠΈμ˜ 제3자 μ±…μž„ 125 라. ν†΅μΌμ‹ νƒλ²•μ˜ 제3자 μ±…μž„ 130 4. 미ꡭ의 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ νŒλ‘€ 131 κ°€. 자기거래 131 λ‚˜. κ·Έ μ™Έ μ΄μ΅μΆ©λŒκΈˆμ§€ μœ„λ°˜ 134 λ‹€. 이읡ν–₯μˆ˜κΈˆμ§€ μœ„λ°˜: λ³΄λ„ˆμŠ€, μ»€λ―Έμ…˜ 수령 139 라. 제3자 μ±…μž„ 140 제4절 영미의 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ ν™•μž₯ 141 1. μ˜κ΅­λ²•μ—μ„œ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ 및 κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 141 κ°€. νšŒμ‚¬λ²•μƒ μ΄μ΅μΆ©λŒκΈˆμ§€ 및 이읡ν–₯μˆ˜κΈˆμ§€ 142 λ‚˜. νšŒμ‚¬λ²•μƒ 자기거래 145 λ‹€. νšŒμ‚¬λ²•μƒ 기회유용 및 κ²½μ—…κΈˆμ§€ 148 라. μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜ νŒλ‘€ 150 2. λ―Έκ΅­λ²•μ—μ„œ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ 및 κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 156 κ°€. λͺ¨λ²”νšŒμ‚¬λ²• 157 λ‚˜. 미ꡭ법λ₯ ν˜‘νšŒ 원칙 159 λ‹€. 델라웨어주 νšŒμ‚¬λ²• 161 마. μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜ νŒλ‘€ 163 3. 영미의 비ꡐ법적 뢄석 167 κ°€. μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ κΈ°μ€€μ˜ 차이 167 λ‚˜. 영ꡭ의 μ—„κ²©ν•œ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„νŒ 및 이에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²€ν†  172 제5절 μ†Œκ²°λ‘  173 제4μž₯ 영미 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ 비ꡐ법적 νŠΉμ„± 172 제1절 일본과의 비ꡐ 172 1. 일본 μ‹ νƒλ²•μ˜ μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ 172 κ°€. 일본 μ‹ νƒλ²•μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ 172 λ‚˜. μ£Όμ˜μ˜λ¬΄μ™€ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄μ˜ 관계 174 2. 일본 κ°œμ •μ‹ νƒλ²•μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 177 κ°€. μ†μ‹€μ „λ³΄μ±…μž„μ˜ μ†μ‹€μΆ”μ •κ·œμ • 178 λ‚˜. μ‹ νƒμž¬μ‚° 귀속원칙 181 λ‹€. κ°œμž…κΆŒ 181 라. 수읡자 μ·¨μ†ŒκΆŒ 183 3. κ²€ν†  185 κ°€. μ†μ‹€μΆ”μ •κ·œμ • λΉ„νŒ 185 λ‚˜. κ°œμž…κΆŒκ³Ό μ†μ‹€μΆ”μ •κ·œμ • 187 λ‹€. μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄μ™€ 이읡ν–₯μˆ˜κΈˆμ§€ 187 제2절 λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒ€λ₯™λ²• κ΅­κ°€λ“€κ³Όμ˜ 비ꡐ 187 1. λ…μΌμ˜ 경우 188 κ°€. λ…μΌλ²•μ˜ 신탁 κ³„μˆ˜ 188 λ‚˜. λ…μΌλ²•μ˜ μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μ™€ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 188 λ‹€. λ…μΌλ²•μ—μ„œ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 적용 μœ ν˜• 189 라. μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜κ³Ό κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 190 마. 독일 ν•™κ³„μ˜ μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 견해 193 2. κ·Έ μ™Έ κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜ 경우 202 κ°€. μŠ€μ½”ν‹€λžœλ“œ 202 λ‚˜. λ£¨μ΄μ§€μ• λ‚˜μ£Ό 205 λ‹€. 남아프리카 곡화ꡭ 206 3. κ²€ν†  209 제3절 μ†Œκ²°λ‘  210 제5μž₯ 신탁법상 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„κ³Ό κ·Έ ν™•μž₯ κ°€λŠ₯μ„± 209 제1절 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ 및 κ·Έ μœ„λ°˜ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 및 법리 212 1. 신탁법상 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄μ˜ 의의 212 κ°€. 신탁법상 주의의무 212 λ‚˜. 신탁법상 μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ 214 λ‹€. μ£Όμ˜μ˜λ¬΄μ™€ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄μ˜ 관계 217 2. 신탁법상 μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 221 κ°€. κ°œμ • μ „ 신탁법상 κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 221 λ‚˜. κ°œμ • 신탁법상 κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 222 λ‹€. 평가 226 제2절 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ μž…λ²•κ²½μœ„μ™€ 법적 성격 226 1. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ μž…λ²•κ²½μœ„ 226 κ°€. μž…λ²• λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ λ…Όμ˜ 226 λ‚˜. 적극적 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ λ„μž… 226 2. λ‹€λ₯Έ λ²•λ¦¬μ™€μ˜ ꡬ뢄 227 κ°€. 뢀당이득법리 228 λ‚˜. 쀀사무관리 229 λ‹€. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ 법적 성격 231 제3절 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ λ°œμƒμš”κ±΄ 및 쟁점 κ²€ν†  232 1. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ μš”κ±΄ 및 성격 232 κ°€. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ μš”κ±΄ 232 λ‚˜. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ²­κ΅¬κΆŒμž 및 μƒλŒ€λ°© 235 λ‹€. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ²­κ΅¬κΆŒ 성격 236 2. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ μ μš©μƒ 문제점 237 κ°€. 청ꡬꢌ κ²½ν•© 237 λ‚˜. 의무의 λ²”μœ„ 238 λ‹€. 수읡자 μ·¨μ†ŒκΆŒκ³Όμ˜ 관계 243 라. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ 인적 λ²”μœ„: 제3자 μ±…μž„ 250 제4절 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 적용의 ν™•μž₯ κ°€λŠ₯μ„±: 상법상 이사 253 1. 신인관계 및 μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„μ˜ ν™•μž₯ κ°€λŠ₯μ„± 253 2. 상법상 μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μ‘°ν•­ 255 κ°€. 상법상 μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μ‘°ν•­ 및 의미 255 λ‚˜. μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄μ™€ ꡬ체적 κ·œμ • μ‘°ν•­ 257 3. νšŒμ‚¬λ²•μƒ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μ„ΈλΆ€μ‘°ν•­ 및 κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 257 κ°€. 자기거래 258 λ‚˜. κ²½μ—…κΈˆμ§€ 및 κ²Έμ§κΈˆμ§€ 260 λ‹€. νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ κΈ°νšŒμœ μš©κΈˆμ§€ 261 4. μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ μœ„λ°˜μ— μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ 적용 κ²€ν†  263 κ°€. μˆ˜νƒμžμ™€ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μ§€μœ„ 비ꡐ: μ‹ μΈκ΄€κ³„μ˜ μ§•ν‘œλ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ 263 λ‚˜. μ΄λ“ν† μΆœμ±…μž„ κ·Όκ±° 적용 264 λ‹€. μΆ©μ‹€μ˜λ¬΄ κ΅¬μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨μ˜ 문제점 265 라. ν˜„μ‹€λ‘  267 제6μž₯ κ²°λ‘  266 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 268 ABSTRACT 293Docto

    ν•œκ΅­ μ •λΆ€μ˜ 톡상 μ •μ±… κ΄€ν• κΆŒ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ μ •μΉ˜μ™Έκ΅ν•™λΆ€(외ꡐ학전곡), 2021.8. 박쒅희.톡상 쑰직을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μš΄μ˜ν•  것인지, κ΅¬μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 외ꡐ뢀와 μ‚°μ—…λΆ€ 쀑 λˆ„κ°€ 톡상 정책을 κ΄€ν• ν•  κ²ƒμΈμ§€μ˜ μ—¬λΆ€λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ κ΅­κ°€κ°€ λ§ˆμ£Όν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 톡상 ν˜„μ•ˆμ„ κ°€μž₯ 효율적으둜 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ³ λ―Όμ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€. 외ꡐ뢀와 μ‚°μ—…λΆ€λŠ” κ΅­κ°€ κ°„ 이해가 μ²¨μ˜ˆν•˜κ²Œ λŒ€λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” WTO λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘μ„ 두고 μ„œλ‘œ μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ 업무에 더 적합함을 μ£Όμž₯ν•œλ‹€. ν•œκ΅­ μ •λΆ€λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ •κΆŒμ΄ λ“±μž₯ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ μž¦μ€ 쑰직 κ°œνŽΈμ„ κ²ͺμ—ˆκ³ , 톡상 쑰직의 μ†Œμ†λ„ 외ꡐ뢀와 μ‚°μ—…λΆ€ 사이λ₯Ό μ˜€κ°€λ©° 빈번히 λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ 쀑 2013년에 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ μ •λΆ€ 쑰직 κ°œνŽΈμ€ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ μ œλ„μ  λ³€ν™”λ‘œμ„œ κ΅­λ‚΄ μ œλ„μ  λ³€ν™”κ°€ WTO λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 결과에 μ–΄λ–€ 영ν–₯을 λΌμ³€λŠ”μ§€, λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 효과λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ ν•΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μƒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ 논문은 β€œν•œκ΅­ μ •λΆ€ λ‚΄ 톡상 μ •μ±… κ΄€ν• κΆŒμ˜ 이동이 WTO λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 결과에 μ–΄λ–€ 영ν–₯을 λΌμ³€λŠ”κ°€?” λΌλŠ” 연ꡬ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 μ°ΎλŠ”λ‹€. WTO λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ 과정에 κ°œμž…ν•˜λŠ” μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨, μ •λΆ€, λ³€ν˜ΈμΈλ‹¨ 각각의 μ„ ν˜Έμ™€ 행동을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 닀측적 주인-λŒ€λ¦¬μΈ 이둠을 λΆ„μ„ν‹€λ‘œ μ‚ΌλŠ”λ‹€. 톡상 μ •μ±… κ΄€ν• κΆŒ 이동에 λ”°λ₯Έ WTO λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ κ³Όμ •μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μ •λΆ€μ˜ λ³€ν˜ΈμΈλ‹¨(λŒ€λ¦¬μΈ) 선택 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ , λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ 결과의 λ³€ν™”λŠ” WTO 판결이 κ°€μ§€λŠ” 선둀적 κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ 증감으둜 λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. 뢄석 λŒ€μƒμ΄ λ˜λŠ” νŒλ‘€λŠ” ν•œλ―Έ μ² κ°• λΆ„μŸ(DS179), ν•œλ―Έ μ œλ‘œμž‰ λΆ„μŸ(DS402), ν•œλ―Έ 세탁기 λΆ„μŸ(DS464)으둜 μ΅œλŒ€μœ μ‚¬μ²΄κ³„ λ””μžμΈμ— 따라 톡상 μ •μ±… κ΄€ν• κΆŒμ„ μ œμ™Έν•œ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ ν†΅μ œν•œ ν›„ μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ 논문은 ν•œκ΅­μ˜ 톡상 μ •μ±… κ΄€ν• κΆŒμ˜ 이동이 μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨-μ •λΆ€-λ³€ν˜ΈμΈλ‹¨ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 닀측적 주인-λŒ€λ¦¬μΈ 관계에 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•œλ‹€. 2013λ…„ μ œλ„μ  λ³€ν™” 이후 μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨κ³Ό μ •λΆ€ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관계가 κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§€λ©°, μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨μ΄ 정뢀에 λŒ€ν•΄ 행사할 수 μžˆλŠ” 영ν–₯λ ₯이 μ»€μ‘Œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, λΆˆκ³΅μ • 무역 ν–‰μœ„μ— λŒ€μ‘ν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ²΄κ³„λ₯Ό 사법적 성격에 κ°€κΉκ²Œ λ°”κΎΈμ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 변화에 WTO λΆ„μŸν•΄κ²°μ ˆμ°¨μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ 더해 ν•œκ΅­ μ •λΆ€μ˜ κ΅­λ‚΄ 법λ₯ νšŒμ‚¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν˜Έλ„κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨-μ •λΆ€-λ³€ν˜ΈμΈλ‹¨ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ΄ κ°•ν™”λ˜μž, ν•œκ΅­ 정뢀와 λ³€ν˜ΈμΈλ‹¨μ€ λΆˆκ³΅μ • 무역 ν–‰μœ„μ˜ ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 철회λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ μ„ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ ꡬ속성 μžˆλŠ” μ„ λ‘€λ₯Ό ν™•λ¦½ν•˜κ³ μž λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 결과적으둜 톡상 μ •μ±… κ΄€ν• κΆŒμ˜ 이전 ν›„ WTO 판결의 선둀적 κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ λ†’μ•„μ‘Œλ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” κ΅­λ‚΄ 톡상 쑰직의 νŠΉμ§•κ³Ό μ œλ„μ  변화에 따라 동 κ΅­κ°€κ°€ WTO λΆ„μŸν•΄κ²°μ ˆμ°¨λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” 양상이 λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŒμ„ ν•¨μ˜ν•œλ‹€. 그리고 동 κ΅­κ°€κ°€ 이λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μžκ΅­μ—κ²Œ μœ λ¦¬ν•œ WTO λΆ„μŸ μ„ λ‘€λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒκΉŒμ§€ μ˜λ„ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ WTO ν˜‘μ •μ˜ 이행과 μžμœ λ¬΄μ—­μ²΄μ œμ˜ 정착이 νŠΉμ • κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 영ν–₯λ ₯ μ•„λž˜ 놓일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŒμ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒμ„ WTO νšŒμ›κ΅­ μ „μ²΄λ‘œ ν™•λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ κ΅­λ‚΄ 톡상 μ œλ„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ WTO λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 차이 λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€, ν–₯ν›„ WTO 체제의 지속을 μœ„ν•œ λ°©μ•ˆμ€ 무엇인지 관심을 κ°–κ³  연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€.How does a domestic institutional change affect political and non-political actors’ behaviors in the WTO dispute settlement process. This study explores how trade bureaucracies who are in charge of WTO disputes react to domestic changes in their institutions. In my current case study on South Korea, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs(MOFA) used to hold jurisdiction over trade policies, however, this authority was transferred to the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy(MOTIE) in 2013. Specifically, I investigate how the selection of law firms which delegate South Korean government in the WTO dispute settlement process has changed based on their bureaucratic incentive before and after the institution reform in 2013. Moreover, I trace how the jurisprudence of dispute cases have changed in the perspective of leading case in the WTO dispute settlement. Using the most similar systems design, I analyze three dispute cases, US-Stainless Steel(DS179), US-Zeroing(DS402), US-Washing Machines(DS464), which are different only in trade policy jurisdiction. Bureaucrats have a target population as a principal to respond to and employ a law firm as a agent to delegate the government. In addition, they have their own organizational interest. A domestic institutional change has affected this multiple principal-agent relationship between three actors. I find that the transfer of trade policy jurisdiction from MOFA to MOTIE has increased preference of South Korean government on local law firms. Also, I find that the jurisprudence of those three dispute cases as a leading case has increased after the institutional change. This study implies that the pattern of the WTO members in using the WTO dispute settlement process can varies depending on each of their domestic institutional design. It also suggests that the WTO members can intentionally influence the WTO jurisprudence by forming a leading case in their favor of.제 1 μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 제 1 절 문제 제기 1 제 2 절 연ꡬ 질문과 λͺ©ν‘œ 4 제 3 절 연ꡬ κ°€μ„€ 6 제 4 절 연ꡬ 방법 8 제 5 절 λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ ꡬ성 10 제 2 μž₯ WTO λΆ„μŸμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ΅­μ œμ •μΉ˜ν•™ 연ꡬ 12 제 1 절 WTO λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ μ£Όμ²΄λ‘œμ„œμ˜ κ΄€λ£Œ 연ꡬ 12 제 2 절 법 해석 및 νŒκ²°μ— λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯λ ₯ 연ꡬ 14 제 3 μž₯ κ΅­λ‚΄ μ œλ„ 선택과 WTO λΆ„μŸ 19 제 1 절 주인-λŒ€λ¦¬μΈ 이둠과 WTO λΆ„μŸμ—μ˜ 적용 19 제 2 절 톡상 κ΄€ν• κΆŒ 이동과 ꡭ내적 λ³€ν™” 21 1. μ •λΆ€-μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨ κ°„ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ λ³€ν™” 21 1) 톡상 쑰직 νŠΉμ„± 비ꡐ 21 2) μ •λΆ€-μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨ κ°„ 관계 비ꡐ 22 2. 톡상 λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ 쑰직의 μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ²΄κ³„ λ³€ν™” 24 제 3 절 톡상 κ΄€ν• κΆŒ 이동과 WTO λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ λ³€ν™” 26 1. μ •λΆ€μ˜ λ³€ν˜ΈμΈλ‹¨ 선택 λ³€ν™” 26 2. 판결의 선둀적 κ°€μΉ˜ λ³€ν™” 28 제 4 절 μ†Œκ²° 29 제 4 μž₯ ν•œκ΅­ 사둀 뢄석 31 제 1 절 μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨-μ •λΆ€ κ°„ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© λ³€ν™” 31 1. 외ꡐ뢀와 μ‚°μ—…λΆ€μ˜ 쑰직적 νŠΉμ„± 비ꡐλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 31 2. μ •μ±…λŒ€μƒμ§‘λ‹¨-μ •λΆ€ κ°„ 관계 비ꡐλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 34 제 2 절 톡상 쑰직의 μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ²΄κ³„ λ³€ν™” 37 제 3 절 WTO λΆ„μŸ λŒ€μ‘ κ³Όμ • 및 κ²°κ³Ό λ³€ν™” 뢄석 41 1. μ •λΆ€μ˜ λ³€ν˜ΈμΈλ‹¨ 선택 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 41 2. 판결의 선둀적 κ°€μΉ˜ λ³€ν™” μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 45 1) ν•œ-λ―Έ μ² κ°•λΆ„μŸ(DS179) 45 (1) 사건 κ°œμš” 45 (2) μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ 법적 쟁점 45 (3) 평가 50 2) ν•œ-λ―Έ μ œλ‘œμž‰ λΆ„μŸ(DS264) 51 (1) 사건 κ°œμš” 51 (2) μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ 법적 쟁점 52 (3) 평가 55 3) ν•œ-λ―Έ 세탁기 λΆ„μŸ(DS464) 56 (1) 사건 κ°œμš” 56 (2) μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ 법적 쟁점 57 (3) 평가 58 제 5 μž₯ κ²°λ‘  60석
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