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    ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋Œ€๋งŒ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์—„์„์ง„.Health Insurance benefits are the fees paid for medical services. When a medical provider provides medical services(medical procedure, medical device, pharmaceuticals) to consumers, the insurer(National Health Insurance Services, etc.) reimburse the incurred costs. Because the medical fee, which is the amount reimbursed in this process, is determined through government intervention, the government and medical providers have a conflict over the appropriateness of the medical fee level. At this time, the main content of the conflict is that the level of medical fees in Korea is set low compared to that of other countries. Therefore, with this conflict in the background, this study firstly checks whether there is a difference in Korea's medical fee(medical procedure, medical device, pharmaceuticals) level compared to other countries, and secondly, if there is a difference, consider what kind of combination of causal conditions(medical demands, resources, services, finance, publicity of health insurance system and regulatory strength) that determines the medical fees. The analysis was conducted on Japan, Taiwan, Australia, and France, which are countries that refer to prices in the decision-making process of domestic medical fees including Korea. First, in order to check the difference between the number of medical services in the study target countries, the detailed number of medical services for 32 surgical items was collected from 202 procedures. For the number of medical devices, the prices of 34 medium categories, and 2,835 medical devices were collected. For pharmaceuticals, price levels were collected by referring to 36 literatures. The collected fees were converted into US dollars using the general exchange rate and the purchasing power parity(PPP) exchange rate. In addition, the ANOVA F-test and Tukey post hoc test were performed using the SAS statistical analysis program to check whether there is a difference between the national averages in the collected medical fees. As a result, the P value of the fee for medical procedures and the fee for medical devices was 0.0001 or less, confirming that there was a significant difference between the averages of each country at the 1% significance level. Next, medical demands, resources, services, health insurance system finances, degree of publicity of health insurance system, and regulatory strength were measured to examine the combination of causal conditions that determine medical fees. Measured values โ€‹โ€‹were standardized in SAS, and then converted into fuzzy membership scores through the calibration function of Fs/QCA 3.0 software, and sufficient condition combination analysis using the truth table was performed. As a result, the combination that determines the high insurance benefit is the resource*~demand*~finance combination, and the combination that determines the low insurance benefit is the service*regulation*~publicity combination. The resource*~demand*~financial combination that determines the high cost of medical care is explained below. First, if the medical resources available to the provider are abundant, but the medical demand and the financial level of the health insurance system are low, the provider will predict that the insurance fee covered by the health insurance system will be set low. Therefore, it can be explained that this prediction causes medical providers to offer high insurance fees in the process of determining the medical fees. Second, in terms of the health insurance system, even if available medical resources are abundant, if the demand for healthcare is small and the financial support of the health insurance system is small, there will be concerns that a health care provider will not supply or reduce or withdraw existing supply. And these concerns are likely to lead to the acceptance of high insurance benefits. The combination of service*regulation*~publicity that lowers the insurance benefit is explained as follows. First, on the provider's side, if the degree of publicity of health insurance system is low, so coverage is low, and low insurance benefits are expected due to strong regulations such as cost control, medical providers will respond to preserve profits by increasing the amount of services. In the health insurance system under this context, the insurance benefit is determined to be low. Second, if the amount of healthcare services increases despite the low publicity in the health insurance system, regulations such as cost containment will be strongly enforced to suppress the increase in medical expenses. Therefore, the insurance benefit is determined to be low as a result of this effect. As a result of the analysis of this study, the policy implications of the combination of causal conditions(resources*~demand*~finance) that determine the high insurance benefits are as follows. First, the health insurance system needs to increase financial support for some healthcare services (medical procedure, medical device, pharmaceuticals) that are expected to have low demand. Among the combinations of causal conditions that determine the high insurance benefit, the resource does not need to be modulated because it is abundant. However, it is difficult to control the low demand for healthcare in terms of the health insurance system. Since the health insurance system has limitations in regulating healthcare demand according to income and age. Therefore, in order to balance the high insurance benefits, it is necessary to expand financial support. However, expanding the finances for the entire healthcare service may increase the burden on the public because the source of financing is mostly premiums collected from health insurance subscribers. Thus, it is necessary to increase financial support preferentially for essential items directly related to life, although demand is small among healthcare services provided to consumers. Second, the health insurance system should provide adequate incentives to prevent health care providers from reducing or withdrawing supply due to low demand. For example, information of healthcare providers (hospitals, facilities, medical staffs such as doctors and nurses, private manufacturers and importers, etc.) is to disclose. Through this, it is to inform good providers of medical services despite the low demand in the healthcare market, and to provide incentives such as an additional fee to them to prevent reduction or withdrawal of supply. As a result of the analysis of this study, the policy implications of the combination of causal conditions(service*regulation*~publicity) that determine the low insurance benefits are as follows. First, the health insurance system needs gradual easing of regulations to adjust for low insurance benefits. However, at this time, policies to reduce the increase in the amount of healthcare services and increase the publicness of the health insurance system should be implemented together. As shown in the analysis results of this study, the regulation of the health insurance system is not the only factor in determining a low insurance benefit. As above, strong regulation, combined with a high amount of healthcare services and low publicity, determines low insurance benefits. Therefore, policies such as the following incentives such as deregulation on items that reduce the quantity and increase the quality of healthcare services should be considered. Second, the health insurance system should provide appropriate incentives for medical providers to improve the quality and decrease the quality of healthcare services. Among the causal conditions that determine the low insurance benefit, the low publicity of the health insurance system and the adjustment of high regulatory intensity are areas that the health insurance system or the government can do. However, controlling the amount of healthcare services is an area where healthcare providers and health insurance systems can work together. Therefore, the health insurance system should induce medical providers to improve the quality of healthcare services and reduce the quantity. An example of this is the Outcomes-Based Managed Entry Agreement (OBMEA) for each patient using real-world data recently implemented by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The drug to which the payment system is applied is Kymriahโ“‡(Tisagenlecleucel), a CD19-directed genetically modified autologous T cell immunotherapy indicated for the treatment of patients up to 25 years of age with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL) that is refractory or in second or later relapse that has been the subject of controversy over its high price. When the evidence for clinical usefulness and safety is weak in determining the insurance benefit, the health insurance system is difficult to make a decision on reimbursement. This is because, rather than the financial burden of health insurance, serious life-threatening complications and uncertainty of results are more concerned. However, deregulation and providing payment based on actual clinical evidence and outcomes could reduce the amount of long-term healthcare for rare or severe diseases. Therefore, for the safety of patients as well as the efficient operation of the health insurance system, it is necessary to seek appropriate measures to improve the quality of healthcare together with healthcare providers. International comparative studies of factors determining insurance benefits have not been actively conducted due to the low transparency of medical fees internationally. Therefore, it needs to be reconstructed through more national examples and theoretical work in the future. In addition, this study could not deal with the lack of publicly available data on price transparency and distribution structure related to discounts, rebates, and negotiations for medical fees. As a future task, systematic research is needed by including it as one of the factors that determine the cost of healthcare.์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ž€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… ํ•˜์— ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋นš๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋Œ€๋งŒ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 202๊ฐœ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€, 2,835๊ฐœ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์€ 36ํŽธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์œจ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€(PPP) ํ™˜์œจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ SAS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€(์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์žฌ๋ฃŒ)์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1% ์œ ์˜์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(P ๋Œ€๋งŒ(0.99) > ํ•œ๊ตญ(0.88) > ํ˜ธ์ฃผ(0.70) > ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค(0.50) ์ˆœ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ PPP ํ™˜์œจ๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐ ์‹œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ(1.15) > ์ผ๋ณธ(1.10) > ํ•œ๊ตญ(1.07) > ๋Œ€๋งŒ(0.98) > ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค(0.72) ์ˆœ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€(์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์žฌ๋ฃŒ)๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€,๋Œ€๋งŒ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์š”, ์ž์›, ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ์žฌ์ •, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์€ Fs/QCA 3.0์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด ์กฐํ•ฉ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ โ€œ์ž์›*~์ˆ˜์š”*~์žฌ์ •โ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ์˜๋ฃŒ์ž์›์€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„ ์žฌ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์›๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ž์›์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ด ์ ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ถ•์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒ ํšŒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๊ธฐํ”ผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์งˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์žฌ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ โ€œ์„œ๋น„์Šค*๊ทœ์ œ*~๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑโ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„์šฉ ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์šฉ์–ต์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์š”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ถ•์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒ ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์งˆ์€ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์–‘์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์œ ์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ณ  ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜์—ญ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ œ์–ธ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์™€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด๊ณ„ 6 1. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 6 2. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด๊ณ„ 9 3. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„ 22 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ 37 1. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์š” 38 2. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ž์› 39 3. ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค 40 4. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ์žฌ์ • 40 5. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„ 41 6. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ 42 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  43 1. ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 44 2. ์น˜๋ฃŒ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 45 3. ์•ฝ์ œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 49 4. ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  54 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 60 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 60 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํผ์ง€์…‹ ์งˆ์  ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ 61 1. ํผ์ง€์…‹ ์งˆ์  ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ •์˜ 61 2. ํผ์ง€์…‹ ์งˆ์  ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 63 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ •์ง€ํ‘œ 65 1. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 65 2. ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด 66 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 72 1. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 72 2. ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด 79 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 86 1. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 86 2. ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด 88 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 90 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 90 1. ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 90 2. ์น˜๋ฃŒ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 96 3. ์•ฝ์ œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 100 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 103 1. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์š” 103 2. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ž์› 104 3. ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค 105 4. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ์žฌ์ • 106 5. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ 107 6. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ•๋„ 108 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ํผ์ง€์…‹ ์งˆ์  ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ 111 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํผ์ง€ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 111 1. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ’(์›์ ์ˆ˜)๊ณผ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๊ฐ’ 111 2. ํผ์ง€ ์†Œ์†์ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ 113 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํผ์ง€์…‹ ์งˆ์  ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 114 1. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ํ•„์š”ยท์ถฉ๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ถ„์„ 114 2. (๋ชจํ˜•1) ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 117 3. (๋ชจํ˜•2) ์น˜๋ฃŒ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 119 4. (๋ชจํ˜•3) ์•ฝ์ œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 120 5. (๋ชจํ˜•4) ์ „์ฒด ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 122 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 123 1. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์กฐ๊ฑด ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” 123 2. ๋†’์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ: ์ž์›*~์ˆ˜์š”*~์žฌ์› 133 3. ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ: ์„œ๋น„์Šค*๊ทœ์ œ*~๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ 136 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  139 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 139 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 148 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 149 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 151 ๋ถ€๋ก 162 [๋ถ€๋ก1] ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ธก์ • ๊ด€๋ จ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ 162 [๋ถ€๋ก2] ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ 164 [๋ถ€๋ก3] ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 169 [๋ถ€๋ก4] ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ 171 [๋ถ€๋ก5] ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 205 Abstract 208์„

    ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ฒด์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ - ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฟ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ •์ฑ…์„

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒด์ œ ๋‚ด ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋ฒ  ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋ณ€ํ™” ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์ •์น˜์ฒด ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ฒด์ œ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ ํŒŒ์•…์ด ์šฐ์„  ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค

    A study on the changes of vietnam since 1970โ€™s : focusing on the good governance policies implemented by international organizations

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    This paper is a study on the factors affecting the changes of the political system of Vietnam that has attempted a reform within the system through its reform and open-door policy. The study originates in the interest in whether Vietnam could continue its changes of system via economic reform, and whether the economic reform could affect the reform of the political system. One assumption of the study is that the answer to which path Vietnamese socialism would take should be first found in understanding the factors influencing the changes of the system of Vietnam

    (ํ†ต์ƒํ˜„์•ˆ์ ‡๋ณด) ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด ๋ณธ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ‰๊ฐ€

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    Party Identification in Korea: A Study on Voting Decision in the 19th General Election

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ19๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ, ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ •๋‹น์ผ์ฒด๊ฐ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌํ‘œ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ํˆฌํ‘œ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ‰ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€์‹ฌํŒ๋ก  ๋“ฑ์€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ 19๋Œ€ ์ด์„ ์—์„œ ์œ  ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ์ •๋‹น์ผ์ฒด๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํˆฌํ‘œ์„ ํƒ์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋‹น์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ์ง€ ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์•ผ๊ถŒ์ด ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด ์ •๋ถ€์‹ฌํŒ๋ก ์€ ์ •๋‹น์ผ์ฒด๊ฐ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์—ฌ ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ ์„ ํƒ์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•œ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. The purpose of this study is to verify a hypothesis that Korean voters cast votes in accordance with their party identifications, and the other factors such as economic evaluation and government punishment which have been considered crucial to voting decisions were not significant in the 19th General Election. In particular, the study empirically analyzes that the result of this election was concluded in Saenuri Partys victory in contrast with earlier expectation because of voters decisions conforming to their party identifications, and the effect of voters economic evaluation and government punishment asserted by the alliance of opposition parties was remarkably declined or canceled out by controlling voters party identifications. To sum up, this study observes various factors simultaneously in order to capture their influences on voting decisions independently and to determine the most decisive one for this election
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