农业生物多样性大数据平台建设研究和展望

农业生物多样性是指直接或间接用于粮食和农业的动物、植物和微生物的多样性和变异性,包括作物、家畜、林业和渔业等。它位于整个农业系统的底层,是农业生产信息化的重要内容,也是国家战略资源和国家安全的重要基础。国内外相关组织机构和项目积累了很多的资源和建设经验,但是仍然存在资源零散分布、缺乏顶层设计、元数据标准规范应用不足、平台之间的数据交互不够、数据的快速实时响应比较困难、高端农业智库及其资源平台建设薄弱等问题。为了更好地推动我国农业生物多样性大数据平台的研究和开发工作,本文着重从科学数据平台（基础数据平台、作物数据平台、家畜数据平台、林业数据平台、渔业数据平台、传统文化知识平台、智库平台和评估指标）和相关信息化基础资源对象（术语库、主题词表、元数据标准规范、本体和科研工作流）来梳理农业生物多样性大数据的国内外研究和应用进展,并从基础层、资源层、组织层和应用服务层等四个层次来提出农业生物多样性大数据平台的顶层建设框架,还针对当前现状和问题提出了建议和展望,为我国农业生物多样性大数据平台建设和资源共享服务提供参考。</p

室内植物表型平台及性状鉴定研究进展和展望

Plant phenomics is under rapid development in recent years, a research field that is progressing towards integration, scalability, multi-perceptivity and high-throughput analysis. Through combining remote sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, computer vision, and artificial intelligence techniques such as machine learning and deep learning, relevant research methodologies, biological applications and theoretical foundation of this research domain have been advancing speedily in recent years. This article first introduces the current trends of plant phenomics and its related progress in China and worldwide. Then, it focuses on discussing the characteristics of indoor phenotyping and phenotypic traits that are suitable for indoor experiments, including yield, quality, and stress related traits such as drought, cold and heat resistance, salt stress, heavy metals, and pests. By connecting key phenotypic traits with important biological questions in yield production, crop quality and Stress-related tolerance, we associated indoor phenotyping hardware with relevant biological applications and their plant model systems, for which a range of indoor phenotyping devices and platforms are listed and categorised according to their throughput, sensor integration, platform size, and applications. Additionally, this article introduces existing data management solutions and analysis software packages that are representative for phenotypic analysis. For example, ISA-Tab and MIAPPE ontology standards for capturing metadata in plant phenotyping experiments, PHIS and CropSight for managing complicated datasets, and Python or MATLAB programming languages for automated image analysis based on libraries such as OpenCV, Scikit-Image, MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox. Finally, due to the importance of extracting meaningful information from big phenotyping datasets, this article pays extra attention to the future development of plant phenomics in China, with suggestions and recommendations for the integration of multi-scale phenotyping data to increase confidence in research outcomes, the cultivation of cross-disciplinary researchers to lead the next-generation plant research, as well as the collaboration between academia and industry to enable world-leading research activities in the near future

Property Taxation in the People\u27s Republic of China

A property tax is a general tax imposed on all property owners based on the value of their properties. Property taxation is common throughout the world due to its numerous advantages. It is regarded as a steady source of local government revenue. The property taxation system in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is still developing and does not include important features that would make it efficient. For instance, residential property is excluded from the tax base. This has contributed to real estate speculation, income disparity, and revenue losses. A well-functioning local property tax system in the PRC would provide an efficient, equitable and sustainable way to finance local development and government spending. By helping to align expenditure responsibilities with revenue allocations at the local level, property taxation could reduce inequality in the provision of public goods and foster local government ability to provide them. Further, it will reduce the incentive for speculative behavior mitigating housing bubbles. To further develop property taxation in the PRC it is recommended to gradually strengthen and expand the existing pilots, supported by clear principles on the delegation of taxation responsibilities, the definition of a nationally standardized tax base, an affordable tax rate, and enhanced local government capacity