Utjecaj polietilenske i oksidirane polietilenske voštane emulzije na dinamiku ispiranja borne kiseline iz impregnirane smrekovine

Boron biocides belong to the most frequently used ingredients of commercial wood preservatives. They are very effective fungicides and insecticides, but they do not react with wood and thus leach from it in wet applications. This fact signifi cantly limits use of boron compounds in the field of wood preservation. In order to reduce leaching of boric acid, the emulsion of polyethylene (WE1) and an emulsion of oxidized polyethylene (WE6) wax were combined with boric acid (cB = 0.1 % or 0.5 % of boron). Spruce wood specimens were vacuum impregnated and afterwards leached according to the prCEN/TS 15119-1, EN 1250-2 and EN 84 procedures. The results showed that the boron leaching is predominantly infl uenced by moisture content of wood during leaching, and furthermore by the concentration gradient (frequency of water replacement). The fact that the prCEN/TS 15119-1 leaching procedure is less severe than other two methods is also refl ected in the results. The results of the EN 84 and ENV 1250 test are comparable, while the results of the prCEN/TS 15119-1 testing are not in line with the other two methods. Considerable portions of boron are leached from wood in the first leaching cycles, already. WE6 wax emulsion (oxidized polyethylene wax emulsion) in combination with heat treatment reduces boron leaching to a certain extent. On the other hand, impregnation of wood with WE1 (polyethylene wax emulsion) does not reduce it and it even enhances it.Biocidi bora pripadaju najčešće upotrebljavanim sastojcima komercijalnih zaštitinih sredstava za drvo. Vrlo su učinkovita zaštita od gljiva i insekata, no ne vežu se s drvom i stoga su skloni ispiranju iz drva, posebno kada se takvo drvo primjenjuje u vlažnim uvjetima. Ta činjenica znatno ograničava upotrebu spojeva bora na području zaštite drva. U nastojanju da se smanji ispiranje borne kiseline, polietilenska emulzija (WE1) i oksidirana polietilenska voštana emulzija (WE6) kombinirane su s bornom kiselinom (cB = 0,1 ili 0,5 % bora). Uzorci smrekovine vakuumski su impregnirani i nakon toga ispirani prema procedurama opisanim u prCEN/TS 15119-1, EN 1250-2 i EN 84. Rezultati su pokazali da na ispiranje bora najviše utječe sadržaj vode u drvu tijekom ispiranja, a zatim gradijent koncentracije (frekvencija zamjene vode). Činjenica da je testiranje ispiranja prema proceduri prCEN/TS 15119-1 manje strogo od druge dvije metode odražava se i na rezultate ispitivanja. Rezultati ispitivanja prema procedurama EN 84 i ENV 1250 usporedivi su, dok se rezultati prema proceduri testiranja prCEN/TS 15119-1 ne mogu usporediti s rezultatima dobivenim drugim dvjema metodama. Znatan dio bora iz impregniranog drva ispire se već u prvom ciklusu ispiranja. WE6 emulzija (oksidirana polietilenska voštana emulzija) u kombinaciji s termičkom obradom donekle smanjuje ispiranje bora. Nasuprot tome, impregnacija drva s WE1 (polietilenskom emulzijom) ne smanjuje već, naprotiv, pojačava ispiranje bora

Igra

In this paper I first address the problems that arise when we pose the question of what the play is. Where, may we hope to find the answer to the question of what constitutes the essence of play? By reconsidering Gadamer’s critique of Kant’s concept of play and by engaging with Gadamer’s methodological assumptions, I argue for the importance of staying with our actual experience of play. In characterizing the experience of how it is to play, I try to locate the evidence of the essence of play as it manifests itself in this experience. In the experience of play, we are lead into the turned-in-on-itself world of play, which is the only world for the player. The latter is immersed in the aimless to-and-froing of play which happens as a perpetual self-renewal, making the rules of the game and every possible aim inside the world of play the medium of play itself

Succession planning in working organizations in Slovenia

Vodstvo in lastniki delovnih organizacij se zavedajo, da morajo biti za vodstvena in ključna delovna mesta znotraj organizacije vzgajani potencialni nasledniki. Ko nepredvideno ostanejo brez kadra na ključnem ali vodstvenem delovnem mestu, dobro vpeljan naslednik igra bistveno vlogo pri nemotenem delovanju poslovnega procesa. Namen raziskave je bil preučiti prisotnost načrtovanja nasledstev v slovenskem prostoru, kaj proces načrtovanja nasledstev v organizacijah predstavlja, kateri so glavni koraki načrtovanja nasledstev, kako izbrati prave naslednike in kateri so ustrezni kazalci uspešnosti načrtovanja nasledstev. Najprej sem izvedla pilotno raziskavo, v kateri je sodelovalo 69 kadrovskih menedžerjev in direktorjev srednje velikih in velikih delovnih organizacij. Rezultati vprašalnika o izvajanju metode kažejo, da načrtovanje nasledstev v Sloveniji trenutno izvaja 44 % udeleženih delovnih organizacij, pri 26 % pa je ta vključena v kadrovske načrte. Za poglobljeno raziskovanje sem uporabila eksploratoren, kvalitativni pristop, in sicer polstrukturirane intervjuje z 21-imi kadrovskimi strokovnjaki, zaposlenimi v srednje velikih ali velikih delovnih organizacijah v Sloveniji, ki izvajajo metodo načrtovanja nasledstev. Izsledki kažejo, da načrtovanje nasledstev v delovnih organizacijah v slovenskem prostoru pogosto predstavlja del procesa upravljanja s talenti in potencialnimi kadri. Ugotovila sem, da organizacije za izvajanje metode uporabljajo raznolike pristope. Problematično pa ostaja merjenje učinkovitosti metode, saj slednjemu večina organizacij še ne posveča pozornosti oz. to počne zgolj v manjši meri. Največji izziv na področju načrtovanja nasledstev je transparentnost postopka pred zaposlenimi in s tem upravljanje s pričakovanji naslednikov. Uporabna vrednost raziskave je predvsem sistematičen pregled posameznih področij načrtovanja nasledstev in deljenje dobrih praks, ki lahko organizacijam služijo kot nadgradnja razvoja kadrov in procesa upravljanja potencialnih kadrov.Working organisations are aware of the need for employees also acting as potential successors to those working in key management or other important positions. In order to be ready to successfully fill in these positions, such workers need to be introduced to their new role before the need for a replacement arises. For when a company unexpectedly loses an individual occupying an important position within the management or elsewhere in its structure, a well-trained successor plays a vital role in ensuring an uninterrupted business flow. The aim of this thesis is to study the state of succession planning in Slovene working organisations, its key steps and the criteria for choosing the rights successors, as well as to determine the most suitable key success indicators in the succession planning process. For the purposes of our detailed research, we first used questionnaire about method implementation. There were 69 HR professionals who answered the questionnaire. The results show that 44 % of Slovenian working organizations of those who answered the questionnaire already has implemented the method. Besides, 26 % organizations have it in their human resources plan. After the questionnaire we used the exploratory, qualitative approach consisting of 21 semi-structured interviews with HR professionals from medium- or large-sized Slovene companies who have implemented the method of succession planning. The results show that succession planning is mostly related to talent and high-potential employee management. We established that these working organisations approach the succession planning process in various ways. However, they pay little attention to ways of measuring their success, which presents a significant issue. The greatest challenge seems to be ensuring the transparency of the process and thus successfully managing the successors’ expectations. The primary value of this study lies in its systematic overview of individual fields related to succession planning as well as in outlining the best practices that working organisations can use to improve their staff development and management processes

Razlogi za zapuščanje poklica med medicinskimi sestrami v bolnišnicah

Uvod: Pomanjkanje medicinskih sester je odraz starajoče se družbe in večjih potreb uporabnikov zdravstvenih storitev. Nezadovoljstvo medicinskih sester vodi v izgorelost, ki je najpogostejši vzrok za zapuščanje poklica. Namen integrativnega pregleda literature je bil preučiti razloge za odločitve medicinskih sester v bolnišnicah, da zapustijo poklic. Metode: Uporabili smo integrativni pregled literature. Z uporabo ključnih besed zdravstvena nega, zapuščanje poklica, dejavniki tveganja, izgorelost, zadovoljstvo na delovnem mestu smo pregledali podatkovne baze CINAHL, PubMed in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Vključili smo raziskave v angleškem jeziku, objavljene med letoma 2011 in 2021. Identificirali smo 1.328 zadetkov, za končno analizo pa uporabili osem virov v polnem besedilu: šest virov iz šestega nivoja in dva vira iz sedmega nivoja izbrane hierarhije dokazov. Za pregled poteka raziskave smo uporabili diagram PRISMA. Zbrane podatke smo obdelali s tematsko integrativno analizo. Rezultati: S tematsko integrativno analizo smo identificirali 25 kod, ki smo jih združili v štiri podteme in dve temi: (1) družbeno-ekonomski in organizacijski dejavniki, povezani z zapuščanjem poklica; (2) neustrezni delovni pogoji in pomanjkljiva podpora managementa. Diskusija in zaključek: Kljub aktualnosti teme so raziskave večinoma presečne, intervencijskih raziskav v našem integrativnem pregledu ni. Védenje o zadržanju medicinskih sester v našem kulturnem okolju lahko okrepimo z nacionalnimi retrospektivnimi in prospektivnimi raziskavami, kar nam bo dalo dobra izhodišča tudi za intervencijske raziskave

Feasibility study of the brewing process using the ANSI/ISA – 88 standard

V magistrski nalogi je prikazana študija izvedljivosti vodenja procesa varjenja piva po standardu ANSI/ISA-88. Celotna rešitev je na nivoju vodenja izvedena po standardu ANSI/ISA – 88, in sicer v programskem okolju Siemens TIA Portal. Siemens TIA Portal je namenjen programiranju logičnih krmilnikov in vmesnikov človek-stroj. Standard ANSI/ISA – 88 je razvit tako za namene vodenja procesa kot tudi načrtovalno filozofijo pri načrtovanju procesa. Standard skozi filozofijo načrtovanja vodenja predvideva uporabo stanj in ukazov. Ukazi po standardu ANSI/ISA – 88 predpisujejo pogoj za prehod procesa iz stanja obratovanja v enega od stanj, ki so predpisani po tem, ko je ukaz izpolnjen. V prvem delu naloge so razložene osnove standarda ANSI/ISA – 88 na primeru procesa varjenja piva, ter procesni, fizični in postopkovni modeli. Predstavljene so povezave med modeli, stanja ter osnovni ukazi za vodenje procesa po standardu ANSI/ISA-88. Grafično so predstavljene povezave med stanji in ukazi. Vsak od ukazov ima pogoje za proženje, prav tako pa ima tudi vsako od stanj pogoj, da je aktivno. Stanja in ukazi so detajlno obrazloženi v prvem delu. Predstavljen je tudi osnovni postopek proizvodnje piva, ki sestoji iz šestih osnovnih procesov. V drugem delu naloge je predstavljena študija izvedljivosti vodenja procesa varjenja piva. V študiji sem izvedel vodenje, ki zajema uporabo ukazov in stanj kot jih narekuje standard ANSI/ISA – 88, na PLK-ju. Študija zajema vseh šest osnovnih procesov, ki so potrebni za proizvodnjo piva. Izvedena je tudi vizualizacija nadzornega sistema vsakega izmed segmentov in vizualizacija fazne logike - PLI-ja. Vizualizacija je združena v tri sklope in zajema vizualizacijo vseh šestih osnovnih procesov, vmesnik PLI pa prikazuje stanje vsakega procesa.The thesis presents a feasibility study of process control in beer production according to ANSI/ISA – 88 standard. The complete solution in terms of process control is implemented in Siemens TIA Portal software, which is intended for programing programmable logic controllers and human machine interfaces. The standard was developed in order to provide a consistent set of standards and terminology for batch control and design philosophy. The philosophy of the standard proposes a control design based on actions and states. The actions define a transition condition for crossing from one state to another. The first part of the thesis presents the basics of the ANSI/ISA – 88 standard on the example of a brewing process, where process models, physical models, procedural models, and the relations between the models, commands and states are explained. Each command has a requirement for triggering. Similarly, also the states have a requirement for transition into other states. The first part also includes an explanation of the brewing process, which consists of six basic processes. The second part of the thesis includes a feasibility study of the brewing process control using the ANSI/ISA – 88 standard. Process control is designed and developed in Siemens TIA Portal according to the ANSI/ISA – 88 standard philosophies on the PLC control level. The study includes implementation of all six basic processes of beer production. The second part also shows the designed solution on the HMI level with PLI visualization and control visualization of each process part. The visualization is divided to three main parts, which include all basic process on the visualization level and the visualization of the PLI of each process