Buffalo School Board Governance

The Board of Education of the Buffalo City School District consists of nine members elected annually by the voters of the school district. Six members represent sub-districts within the city in three-year terms. Three members serve in an “at-large” capacity for five-year terms. A School board member must be a citizen of the United States, qualified to vote, able to read and write, eighteen (18) years of age or older, a qualified voter of the District, and the only member of their family serving on the board. At-large members must be residents of the school district for at least three years prior to the election. If representing a sub-district, a candidate must be a resident of the sub district for one year prior to the election as well as lived in the school district for three years prior. No member may be a candidate for or hold another elected office while serving on the school board

Factors which influenced the reorganisation of a sub-district administration programme (an evaluation study of planning in Mataram City, Lombok, Indonesia) : a thesis completed and submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Resource and Environmental Planning (M.R.P.), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Inequality between sub-district institutions as centres of public services within Mataram City area and the growth of Mataram city's population is projected to be an alarming problem to maintaining a continuous, good quality of public service. At the same time, all government regions, including Mataram City, have to comply with new physical regulations, required to be in existence by the central government of Indonesia, in order to govern each regional territory. These two mandates legitimise the government of Mataram City in the implementation of a programme called the reorganisation of the sub-district by means of a division of sub-district territories and their administrations'. This research attempts to evaluate the implementation of this programme, by focussing on factors such as stakeholders' influence, boundary determination and demography. In addition, it also addresses the assistance to be offered to policymakers in Mataram City, to determine suitable locations for the newly reorganised sub-districts, in terms of public services accessibility for the local community. Many types of research methods were involved, in order to investigate and then evaluate the process of the sub-district reorganisation programme, including the use of interviews and questionnaire instruments for selected city stakeholders. Similar information relating to sub-national reorganisation programme implementation, undertaken by advanced countries, was gained from online sources, to make comparisons with regional government experiences in Indonesia, in order that the criteria of a sub-national reorganisation could be attained. It can be evaluated that the government of Mataram City is the most influential stakeholder in setting up the direction of a sub-district reorganisation programme, although, to some extent, parts of their collaborative planning lay an emphasis on involving other city stakeholders and thus they demonstrate local democracy. However, most of the sub-district reorganisation programme, in the case of Indonesia, is conducted by means of territorial division, to the extent that development financial assistance is available from central government. It can be noted that sub-national reorganisation programmes, in the case of advanced countries, are generally implemented by the use of an amalgamation system, in order to avoid unnecessary expenses during public services provision. The Government of Mataram City believe that, through the reorganisation programme, which divides the existing sub-districts territory, there will be a reduction in the inequality between resources at sub-district level, thus providing direct public services to the growing population. In addition, the demographic situation was considered by the sub-district reorganisation programme team, at a communal meeting, in order to anticipate any escalation of conflict that may occur, due to the multicultural situation in Mataram City. It suggested that the policy to redistribute available resources, at the sub-district level, should be accompanied by a determination to find appropriate locations for the new sub-districts offices in order to provide better public service quality, particularly in relation to accessibility to service centres

A stochastic sub-national population projection methodology with an application to the Waikato region of New Zealand

In this paper we use a stochastic population projection methodology at the sub-national level as an alternative to the conventional deterministic cohort-component method. We briefly evaluate the accuracy of previous deterministic projections and find that there is a tendency for these to be conservative: under-projecting fast growing populations and over-projecting slow growing ones. We generate probabilistic population projections for five demographically distinct administrative areas within the Waikato region of New Zealand, namely Hamilton City, Franklin District, Thames-Coromandel District, Otorohanga District and South Waikato District. Although spatial interaction between the areas is not taken into account in the current version of the methodology, a consistent set of cross-regional assumptions is used. The results are compared to official sub-national deterministic projections. The accuracy of sub-national population projections is in New Zealand strongly affected by the instability of migration as a component of population change. Unlike the standard cohort-component methodology, in which net migration levels are projected, the key parameters of our stochastic methodology are age-gender-area specific net migration rates. The projected range of rates of population growth is wider for smaller regions and/or regions more strongly affected by net migration. Generally, the identified and modelled uncertainty makes the traditional ‘mid range’ scenario of sub-national population projections of limited use for policy analysis or planning beyond a relatively short projection horizon. Directions for further development of a stochastic sub-national projection methodology are suggested

PERAN BADAN KESWADAYAAN MASYARAKAT DALAM PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM NASIONAL PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT (PNPM) MANDIRI

Existence BKM represent one matter becoming priority in is powered of impecunious society \ud through PNPM Mandiri. Role of BKM expected to earn more improved and created by new \ud innovation improve level live impecunious people. It is of course, existence of this program need \ud strong law umbrella in the form of By Law and also Decision of Regent to be more directional \ud and looked after. Mechanism development of society participation through sub-district facility, \ud that is local government invite society to involve actively in socializing BKM. But that way after \ud all enableness conducted, just social difference remain to be happened, that is poorness. For the \ud reason, poorness overcoming or at least poorness meminimalisir become one of the principal \ud focus development of government. During the time strategy conducted by government of Malang \ud Town is with forming one institute entangling various side. The institute so called BKM. BKM \ud founded in country side storey; level / sub-district which target of the core important to \ud overcome poorness of local society. To increase efftiveness overcoming of poorness and creation \ud employment, govermmental launch Program National Enableness of Society (PNPM Mandiri) \ud start year 2007 re-formulated self Supporting by PNPM mechanism strive overcoming of \ud poorness entangling society element, start from planning phase, execution, till evaluation and \ud monitoring. \ud This research is conducted by using approach qualitative with descriptive method. Technique \ud data collecting through: Observation and interview and also docementation. After done by its \ud inspection of him, data analysed by presentation of data is at the same time analised and \ud withdrawal of conclusion. \ud From result of obtained data (1). Role BKM in execution of program of PNPM Mandiri in Sub-\ud District Mojolangu District of executed Malang Lowokwaru Town two program type that is \ud physical program and giving of fund turning around where in the plan have passed some \ud planning phase that is aspiration network, deliberation development of sub-district in sub-district \ud of Mojolangu through to negotiate citizen and approval of proposal raised by every RW in region \ud sub-district of Mojolangu by paying attention the condition of which really insist on to be \ud assisted by way of evaluation at vinicity environment and society. Fund budgeted by PNPM \ud Mandiri of central government give relief fund allocation stimulan equal to Rp. 250 million, And \ud report evaluated auditor have been delivered to center. But with the anggara still felt by the \ud existence of lacking in aid program and development of sub-district environment. Finally BKM \ud set mind on giving of loan by giving some conditions and do survey. BKM have strategy which \ud is best with implementasion training skill of management, managing small industry and give \ud capital loan to impecunious society to be can solve and overcome its own problem. Therefore BKM socialization priority for the quickening of activity PNPM Mandiri coordinated by Team \ud Controller of PNPM Mandiri which cover for example policy of public and development \ud program, stipulating of location, communication strategy, system development of information, \ud and also evaluation and monitoring. (2) Constraint of BKM in execution of program of PNPM \ud Mandiri in sub-district Mojolangu Distric of Malang Lowokwaru Town during the time do not \ud facilities and basic facilities it and lack of fund which in special allocation to support process \ud construction of BKM and awareness of society exist in Sub-District of Mojolangu less so \ud comprehend with existence of program of PNPM. Fluency of PNPM Mandiri very is base on \ud awareness of society, like performing a routine fee taken as supporter medium to fluency of \ud PNPM Mandiri. Execution of this program it is true have been planned, like sharing holder order. \ud Division of result, that is profit 70% entering receiver of benefit (impecunious citizen) and which \ud is 30% entering cash of BKM and this have been agreed on by society Sub-District of \ud Mojolangu

Correlations and contrasts in structural history and style between an Archaean greenstone belt and adjacent gneiss belt, NE Minnesota

An analysis of the deformation along the boundary between the Vermilion Granitic Complex (VGC) and the Vermilion district indicates that the two terranes have seen a similar deformation history since the earliest stages of folding in the area. Despite this common history, variations in structural style occur between the two terranes, such as the relative development of D sub 1 fabrics and D sub 2 shear zones, and these can be attributed to differences in the crustal levels of the two terranes during the deformation. Similarly, the local development of F sub 3 folds in the VGC, but not in the Vermilion district, is interpreted to be a result of later-D sub 2 pluton emplacement which was not significant at the level of exposure of ther Vermilion district

Koordinasi Pihak Kecamatan dengan Kepolisian Sektor Kecamatan Kuantan Mudik dalam Penegakan Hukumpertambangan tanpa Izin (Peti) di Kecamatan Kuantan Mudik Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi Tahun 2014-2016

Illegal mining (Pertambangan Emas Tanpa Izin) is a serious problem. So that the law enforcement of illegal mining in Kuantan Mudik Sub-district requires the integration of the resource or involves many elements in Kuantan Mudik Sub-district. Many things had done in the term of law enforcement of illegal mining by the Sub-District Government Side and Sub-District Police in Kuantan Mudik Sub-district. The problems in thisresearch are (1)How is the implementation of the coordination Sub-District Government Side with Sub-District Police in the term of law enforcement of illegal miningin Kuantan Mudik Sub-district in 2014-2016. (2) What are the reasons that cause the implementation of the coordination Sub-District Government Side with Sub-District Police in the term of law enforcement of illegal miningin KuantanMudik Sub-district in 2014-2016 become not optimally done?The purpose of this research is describing the coordination Sub-District Government Side with Sub-District Police in the term of law enforcement of illegal mining in Kuantan Mudik Sub-district in 2014-2016. The research method is qualitative method with phenomenology approach.The conclusion of this research mentions that the implementation of the coordination betweenSub-District Government Side with Sub-District Police in the term of law enforcement of illegal miningin Kuantan Mudik Sub-district in 2014-2016 has been being good enough. Although, the intensity to implement the coordination still needs the optimalization. The author hopes the result of this result can help to enrich the information of the coordination in law enforcement of illegal mining in Kuantan Singingi Regency especially in Kuantan Mudik Sub-district

Phytosociological study of the shrub and pre-forest communities of the effusive substrata of NW Sardinia

The trachybasalt biogeographic sub-district of the NW Sardinian district, included in the coastal and hilly sub-sector of the Sardinian biogeographic sector, is characterised by two large effusive complexes: that of the rhyolites, andesites and dikes of the Oligo-Miocene alkaline volcanic cycle (14-32 Ma) and alkaline basalts, rhyolites, rhyodacites and dikes of the volcanic cycle with alkaline, transitional and sub-alkaline affinity of the Pliocene-Pleistocene (0.14-5.3 Ma). Between 2000 and 2004, 156 surveys were carried out on shrub communities in order to improve knowledge of their phytosociology. Vegetation analysis led to the identification of 11 associations and 13 subassociations, referring to 3 syntaxonomic classes. Of these, 5 new associations are hereby described for the first time: Clematido vitalbae-Maletum pumilae, Crataego monogynae-Aceretum monspessulani, Lavatero olbiae-Rubetum ulmifolii, Genisto desoleanae-Ericetum arboreae and Telino monspessulanae-Cytisetum villosi

Developing a Poverty Map for Indonesia (A Tool for Better Targeting in Poverty Reduction and Social Protection Programs)

This field verification study is part of the effort to develop small-area poverty maps for all regions in Indonesia. The small-area poverty maps that contain consumption based poverty estimates at the provincial, district, sub-district and village levels have been developed based on data available from the 1999 Socio-economic Survey (SUSENAS) core and consumption module, the 2000 Village Survey (PODES) and the 2000 Population Census, using the small-area estimation method (poverty mapping). This field verification study was conducted in three sample provinces (Riau, North Sulawesi and West Nusa Tenggara) and particularly covers three districts (Indragiri Hulu, Bolaang Mongondow and West Sumbawa). The main objective of this study is to assess whether the poverty estimates calculated by poverty mapping match the poverty condition of the communities in the field. The assessment is done by comparing the rankings of regions based on poverty mapping and the rankings based on qualitative judgments which are determined through focus group discussions (FGDs) with relevant stakeholders at the provincial, district, sub-district and village levels. These comparisons found that the rankings of districts and sub-districts based on these two methods were fairly consistent, even with the rankings for 2004, and it indicates that the results from poverty mapping down to sub-district level can be used to date with a sufficient degree of confidence. The comparisons between the ranking of villages, however, vary across sub-districts, indicating the need to use the village level poverty estimates with caution. The findings of this study also highlight some possibilities to improve both the poverty mapping and the FGD methods for poverty analysis.poverty, poverty maps, focus group discussions, Indonesia

Analisis Perkembangan Dan Daya Dukung Wilayah Untuk Evaluasi Penentuan Pusat Pemerintahan Kabupaten Madiun Jawa Timur 2005 - 2014

Given the importance of the role and functions of the center of government in supporting economic growth and development. This research aims to: Analyze the spatial variation of the level of development and the carrying capacity of the area in Madiun District in 2005-2014 as well as determine and evaluate the most suitable sub-district as Capital region in Madiun District. The used approaching methods are Spatial Approaching and Complex Region. The used method is summative evaluation. The development of Madiun District was analyzed by three main indicators: (1) economy and demography; (2) accessibility, transport and communication; and (3) socio-economic services. While carrying capacity are analyzed through the analysis of protected areas and land capacity analysis. The results showed that the development is quite good in Madiun District, where the area was classified as advanced in 2004 only three sub-district while there are six sub-district classed as developed and underdeveloped. However, in 2009 the region entered the advanced classification become four sub-district; five sub-district classed as developed; and six sub-district were classed as underdeveloped. Developments in Madiun District continued until 2014 there were only three sub-district with underdeveloped classification; eight sub-district with developed classification and four sub-district with advanced classification. The analysis of protected area generate region that has support for the urban development of the sub-district only Kare and Saradan with potential classification, while the land capacity analysis shows that all regions in Madiun District have potential support to urban development, except the Sub-district Dagangan, Gemarang and Kare. Based on the research results, the region of the most suitable as the Capital District in Madiun is Sub-district Dolopo. Despite that the Sub-district Mejayan chosen as capital in 2010, when the development of the region is classified as developed from year 2005 to 2014.Given the critical role and functions of the central government, the government should accelerate the development, especially in Sub-district Mejayan so that the move of center of the government to accelerate economic growth and development can be realized, as well as capable of being a center of growth and stimulate the development of the surrounding area