Odious Debts or Odious Regimes

Odious regimes have always been there. That there is no silver-bullet solution that will prevent odious regimes from arising, or stymie them once they do, is evident from the plethora of responses employed by the international community once a regime\u27s odiousness becomes clear. Current odious debt doctrine dates back to a 1927 treatise by a wandering Russian academic named Alexander Sack. The Sack definition contemplates a debt-by-debt approach to questionable borrowing. If a loan is used to benefit the population--to build a highway or water-treatment plant, for instance--the obligation would be fully enforceable, no matter how pernicious the borrower regime. Here, Bolton and Skeel attempt to fill the vacuum: a regime is odious if it engages in either systematic suppression or systematic looting

“Hay Sacks Anonymous”: Living in the Shadow of the Unidentified. Psychological Aspect s of Physical Inactivity from a Phenomenological Perspective

The present qualitative study emanates from a phenomenological perspective and has the purpose of creating an understanding for what a so-called “hay sack” is as well as understanding the experiences of a hay sack. In this context a hay sack refers to a person with low physical activity. Eight hay sacks between 36-58 years of age were interviewed about their experiences. Karlsson’s (1995) EPP-method was used. The analysis resulted in 13 categories. A hay sack wants to, but is unable to engage in regular physical activity as a consequence of something unidentified, possibly a psychological barrier. Being a hay sack involves thoughts and feelings which are expressed in a variety of ways such as excuses and anxiety about future health

Analysis of the Effect of Congestion Control DCCP CCID 2 on TCP SACK

Purpose: Observing the effect of DCCP CCID 2 congestion control on TCP traffic using the NS-2 simulator.Design/methodology/approach: Using TCP-SACK with performance testing parameters observed are congestion window, throughput, and packet drop.Findings/result: DCCP CCID 2 is more able to maximize bandwidth than TCP SACK because TCP SACK has a retransmit phase where if a packet is lost, the lost packet will be sent back which can cause delays. The buffer size also does not affect the throughput value of TCP SACK because TCP SACK and DCCP CCID 2 have the same congestion control mechanism and the congestion control algorithm CCID 2 is more advanced.Originality/value/state of the art: This study observes the effect of DCCP CCID 2 congestion control on TCP traffic, where the TCP SACK variation used in this study has never been used before