8,775 research outputs found
Process studies of odour emissions from effluent ponds using machine-based odour measurement
Replicable experimental studies using a novel experimental facility and a machine-based odour quantification technique were conducted to demonstrate the relationship between odour emission rates and pond loading rates. The odour quantification technique consisted of an electronic nose, AromaScan A32S, and an artificial neural network. Odour concentrations determined by olfactometry were used along with the AromaScan responses to train the artificial neural network. The trained network was able to predict the odour emission rates for the test data with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. Time averaged odour emission rates predicted by the machine-based odour quantification technique, were strongly correlated with volatile solids loading rate, demonstrating the increased magnitude of emissions from a heavily loaded effluent pond. However, it was not possible to obtain the same relationship between volatile solids loading rates and odour emission rates from the individual data. It is concluded that taking a limited number of odour samples over a short period is unlikely to provide a representative rate of odour emissions from an effluent pond. A continuous odour monitoring instrument will be required for that more demanding task
Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in sago starch from Papua New Guinea
Aims: to assay sago starch from Papua New Guinea (PNG) for important mycotoxins and to test fungal isolates from sago for mycotoxin production in culture.\ud
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Methods and Results: sago starch collected from Western and East Sepik Provinces was assayed for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, cyclopiazonic acid, sterigmatocystin, citrinin and zearalenone and all 51 samples were negative. Frequently\ud
isolated species of Penicillium (13), Aspergillus (five) and Fusarium (one) were cultured on wheat grain, and tested for the production of ochratoxin A, cyclopiazonic acid, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, patulin and penicillic acid. All 12 isolates of P. citrinin and one of two A. flavipes isolates produced citrinin. A single isolate of A. versicolor produced sterigmatocystin. No other mycotoxins\ud
were detected in these cultures.\ud
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Conclusions: no evidence was found of systemic mycotoxin contamination of sago starch. However, the isolation of several mycotoxigenic fungi shows the potential for citrinin and other mycotoxins to be produced in sago stored\ud
under special conditions.\ud
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Significance and Impact of the study: sago starch is the staple carbohydrate in lowland PNG and the absence of mycotoxins in freshly prepared sago starch is a positive finding. However, the frequent isolation of citrinin-producing fungi indicates a potential health risk for sago consumers, and food safety is dependant on promoting good storage practices
A maximum likelihood estimate of natural mortality for brown tiger prawn (Penaeus esculentus) in Moreton Bay (Australia)
The delay difference model was implemented to fit 21 years of brown tiger
prawn (Penaeus esculentus) catch in Moreton Bay by maximum likelihood to assess
the status of this stock. Monte Carlo simulations testing of the stock
assessment software coded in C++ showed that the model could estimate
simultaneously natural mortality in addition to catchability, recruitment and
initial biomasses. Applied to logbooks data collected from 1990 to 2010, this
implementation of the delay difference provided for the first time an estimate
of natural mortality for brown tiger prawn in Moreton Bay, equal to week. This estimate is approximately 30\% lower than the value of
natural mortality (0.045 week) used in previous stock assessments of
this species
Environmental and fishing effects on the dynamic of brown tiger prawn (Penaeus esculentus) in Moreton Bay (Australia)
This analysis of the variations of brown tiger prawn (Penaeus esculentus)
catch in the Moreton Bay multispecies trawl fishery estimated catchability
using a delay difference model. It integrated several factors responsible for
variations in catchability: targeting of fishing effort, increasing fishing
power and changing availability. An analysis of covariance was used to define
fishing events targeted at brown tiger prawns. A general linear model estimated
inter-annual variations of fishing power. Temperature induced changes in prawn
behaviour played an important role in the dynamic of this fishery. Maximum
likelihood estimates of targeted catchability (
boat-days) were twice as large as non-targeted catchability ( boat-days). The causes of recent decline in fishing
effort in this fishery were discussed.Comment: revised manuscript following reviewers comments + adding data and
code for reader
Hazard function models to estimate mortality rates affecting fish populations with application to the sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) fishery on the Queensland coast (Australia)
Fisheries management agencies around the world collect age data for the
purpose of assessing the status of natural resources in their jurisdiction.
Estimates of mortality rates represent a key information to assess the
sustainability of fish stocks exploitation. Contrary to medical research or
manufacturing where survival analysis is routinely applied to estimate failure
rates, survival analysis has seldom been applied in fisheries stock assessment
despite similar purposes between these fields of applied statistics. In this
paper, we developed hazard functions to model the dynamic of an exploited fish
population. These functions were used to estimate all parameters necessary for
stock assessment (including natural and fishing mortality rates as well as gear
selectivity) by maximum likelihood using age data from a sample of catch. This
novel application of survival analysis to fisheries stock assessment was tested
by Monte Carlo simulations to assert that it provided un-biased estimations of
relevant quantities. The method was applied to data from the Queensland
(Australia) sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) commercial fishery collected between
2007 and 2014. It provided, for the first time, an estimate of natural
mortality affecting this stock: 0.22 0.08 year
Mapping spot blotch resistance genes in four barley populations
Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph: Cochliobolus sativus) is the fungal pathogen responsible for spot blotch in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and occurs worldwide in warmer, humid growing conditions. Current Australian barley varieties are largely susceptible to this disease and attempts are being made to introduce sources of resistance from North America. In this study we have compared chromosomal locations of spot blotch resistance reactions in four North American two-rowed barley lines; the North Dakota lines ND11231-12 and ND11231-11 and the Canadian lines TR251 and WPG8412-9-2-1. Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT)-based PCR, expressed sequence tag (EST) and SSR markers have been mapped across four populations derived from crosses between susceptible parental lines and these four resistant parents to determine the location of resistance loci. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance to spot blotch in adult plants (APR) were detected on chromosomes 3HS and 7HS. In contrast, seedling resistance (SLR) was controlled solely by a locus on chromosome 7HS. The phenotypic variance explained by the APR QTL on 3HS was between 16 and 25% and the phenotypic variance explained by the 7HS APR QTL was between 8 and 42% across the four populations. The SLR QTL on 7HS explained between 52 to 64% of the phenotypic variance. An examination of the pedigrees of these resistance sources supports the common identity of resistance in these lines and indicates that only a limited number of major resistance loci are available in current two-rowed germplasm
Genomic regions associated with common root rot resistance in the barley variety Delta
Common root rot (CRR) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is a serious disease constraint in the dry temperate cereal growing regions of the world. Currently little is known about the genetic control of resistance to CRR in cereals. In this study based on a Delta/Lindwall barley population we have undertaken a bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and whole genome mapping approach utilising Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) to identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with CRR expression. One QTL each was identified on chromosomes 4HL and 5HL explaining 12 and 11% of the phenotypic variance, respectively
The bracteatus pineapple genome and domestication of clonally propagated crops
Domestication of clonally propagated crops such as pineapple from South America was hypothesized to be a 'one-step operation'. We sequenced the genome of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus CB5 and assembled 513 Mb into 25 chromosomes with 29,412 genes. Comparison of the genomes of CB5, F153 and MD2 elucidated the genomic basis of fiber production, color formation, sugar accumulation and fruit maturation. We also resequenced 89 Ananas genomes. Cultivars 'Smooth Cayenne' and 'Queen' exhibited ancient and recent admixture, while 'Singapore Spanish' supported a one-step operation of domestication. We identified 25 selective sweeps, including a strong sweep containing a pair of tandemly duplicated bromelain inhibitors. Four candidate genes for self-incompatibility were linked in F153, but were not functional in self-compatible CB5. Our findings support the coexistence of sexual recombination and a one-step operation in the domestication of clonally propagated crops. This work guides the exploration of sexual and asexual domestication trajectories in other clonally propagated crops
Integrating methods for determining length-at-age to improve growth estimates for two large scombrids
Fish growth is commonly estimated from length-at-age data
obtained from otoliths. There are several techniques for estimating length-at-age from otoliths including 1) direct observed counts of annual increments; 2) age adjustment based on a categorization of otolith margins; 3) age adjustment based on known periods of spawning and annuli formation; 4) back-calculation to all annuli, and 5) back-calculation to the last annulus only. In this study we
compared growth estimates (von Bertalanffy growth functions) obtained from the above five methods for estimating length-at-age from otoliths for two large scombrids: narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus
commerson) and broad-barred king mackerel (Scomberomorus semifasciatus). Likelihood ratio tests revealed that the largest differences in growth occurred between the back-calculation methods and the observed and adjusted methods for both species of mackerel. The pattern, however, was
more pronounced for S. commerson than for S. semifasciatus, because of the pronounced effect of gear selectivity
demonstrated for S. commerson. We propose a method of substituting length-at-age data from observed or adjusted methods with back-calculated length-at-age data to provide
more appropriate estimates of population growth than those obtained with the individual methods alone, particularly when faster growing young fish are disproportionately
selected for. Substitution of observed or adjusted length-at-age data with back-calculated length-at-age data provided more realistic estimates of length for younger ages than observed or adjusted methods as well as more
realistic estimates of mean maximum length than those derived from backcalculation methods alone
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