88,510 research outputs found

    Bayesian models of cognition : reverse engineering the mind

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    Technology-mediated discourse and second language research

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    Technology-mediated discourse—interaction between human beings through technological artifacts—has become an established part of everyday life in both social and institutional contexts since the introduction of the telephone in the late 1800s. Synchronous digital interaction became possible in the 1970s when written interaction, also known as text chat, was introduced at the University of Illinois, where it was known as Talkomatic (Grubbs, 2004), with asynchronous interaction (email) starting at around the same time (Gibbs, 2016). Email and chat interaction shifted the focus in technology-mediated teaching and research from interaction with computers to interaction through computers (Warschauer, 2003). Second language (L2) teachers and researchers saw the potential of technology-mediated interaction to provide learners with opportunities to interact with and learn from expert speakers of the target language, outside the classroom, in authentic social contexts. Participants in these digital exchanges were mostly geographically dispersed. However, as various technologies became widely available, researchers of L2 learning began to examine digital interaction from various methodological and theoretical perspectives, based on previous research on L1 (first language) and L2 learning and interaction, and adapted to the new digital L2 contexts of interest. This research spawned various new L2 learning journals that provided technology-mediated L2 learning researchers with a public scholarly outlet for their work. These include, in order of establishment, System (1973), CALICO (1983), ReCALL (1989), Computer Assisted Language Learning (1990) as well as the highly regarded public access journal Language Learning and Technology (1997)

    Pindar and the Nature of Contemplation

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    “Angry Young Men,” Jazz and Englishness

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    Deformations of half-canonical Gorenstein curves in codimension four

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    Recent work of Ablett (2021) and Kapustka, Kapustka, Ranestad, Schenck, Stillman and Yuan (2021) outlines a number of constructions for singular Gorenstein codimension four varieties. Earlier work of Coughlan, Gołȩbiowski, Kapustka and Kapustka (2016) details a series of nonsingular Gorenstein codimension four constructions with different Betti tables. In this paper we exhibit a number of flat deformations between Gorenstein codimension four varieties in the same Hilbert scheme, realising many of the singular varieties as specialisations of the earlier nonsingular varieties

    Work and life : the relative importance of job quality for general well-being, and implications for social surveys

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    We investigate the relative importance of variations in job quality in accounting for variations in general well-being among employed people in Europe, the United States, Australia and South Korea. We find that the importance of job quality is everywhere of a similar magnitude to that of health, while both are far more important than other conventional determinants, including education, gender, marital status, parental status, age, or household income. Job quality accounts for somewhat more of well-being’s variation among men than among women. Within the majority of European countries, the R-squared for the variation accounted for ranges between 14 and 19 percent. The paper’s findings, alongside rising policy interest, support the allocation of a greater priority for job quality in general socio-economic and labour force surveys than hitherto

    Sexual victimisation, peer victimisation, and mental health outcomes among adolescents in Burkina Faso : a prospective cohort study

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    Background Sexual victimisation and peer victimisation are pervasive and increase risk for mental illness. Longitudinal studies that compare their unique and cumulative effects are scarce and have been done predominantly in high-income countries. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence, prospective associations, and gender differences in sexual and peer victimisation and mental health in a low-income, African setting. Methods In this prospective cohort study, data were obtained from the 2017 ARISE Adolescent Health Study, a population-representative, two-wave, prospective study of adolescents (aged 12–20 years) from Burkina Faso. A random sample of adolescents was drawn from ten villages, selected to capture the five main ethnic groups, and from one of the seven sectors of Nouna town, Burkina Faso, at two timepoints: Nov 12 to Dec 27, 2017, and Nov 15 to Dec 20, 2018. Standardised interviews were conducted in French or a local language by trained researchers. We measured victimisation exposure as sexual victimisation, peer victimisation, and polyvictimisation, using lifetime frequency of exposure, and we measured mental health symptoms and disorders using the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale, the Primary Care Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder screen IV and 5, and a question on lifetime self-harm and number of incidents in the past year. We calculated prevalence of victimisation and mental health symptoms and disorders at the two timepoints, and we used lifetime victimisation at the first timepoint to predict mental health at the second timepoint using logistic and negative binomial regressions. Gender differences were examined using interaction terms. Findings Of 2544 eligible adolescents, 1644 participated at time 1 and 1291 participated at time 2. The final sample with data at both timepoints included 1160 adolescents aged 12–20 years (mean 15·1, SE 0·2), of whom 469 (40·4%) were girls and 691 (59·6%) were boys. The majority ethnic group was Dafin (626 [39·1%]), followed by Bwaba (327 [20·5%]), Mossi (289 [16·0%]), Samo (206 [13·0%]), Peulh (166 [9·7%]), and other (30 [1·6%]). After survey weight adjustment, sexual victimisation (weighted percentages, time 1, 256 [13·8%] of 1620; time 2, 93 [7·2%] of 1264) and peer victimisation (weighted percentages, time 1, 453 [29·9%] of 1620; time 2, 272 [21·9%] of 1264) were common, whereas polyvictimisation was more rare (weighted percentages, time 1, 116 [6·6%] of 1620; time 2, 76 [5·7%] of 1264). Longitudinally, sexual victimisation was associated with probable clinical disorder (adjusted odds ratio 2·59, 95% CI 1·15–5·84), depressive symptoms (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 1·39, 95% CI 1·12–1·72), and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (aIRR 2·34, 1·31–4·16). Peer victimisation was associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (aIRR 1·89, 1·13–3·17) and polyvictimisation was associated with depressive symptoms (aIRR 1·34, 1·01–1·77). Girls reported more sexual victimisation (weighted percentages, 130 [17·3%] of 681 vs 126 [11·4%] of 939), boys reported more peer victimisation (weighted percentages, 290 [33·1%] of 939 vs 163 [25·2%] of 681), and there was a significant interaction between lifetime victimisation and gender for probable clinical disorder (F [degrees of freedom 7, sample 376] 2·16; p=0·030). Interpretation Sexual and peer victimisation were common in the study setting and increased risk for mental health problems. Adolescent girls who have been sexually victimised are especially at risk of mental health problems. Interventions targeting sexual and peer violence in low-income settings are needed

    Rapid diversification of grey mangroves (Avicennia marina) driven by geographic isolation and extreme environmental conditions in the Arabian Peninsula

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    Biological systems occurring in ecologically heterogeneous and spatially discontinuous habitats provide an ideal opportunity to investigate the relative roles of neutral and selective factors in driving lineage diversification. The grey mangroves (Avicennia marina) of Arabia occur at the northern edge of the species' range and are subject to variable, often extreme, environmental conditions, as well as historic large fluctuations in habitat availability and connectivity resulting from Quaternary glacial cycles. Here, we analyse fully sequenced genomes sampled from 19 locations across the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian/Arabian Gulf (PAG) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the species in the region and to identify adaptive mechanisms of lineage diversification. Population structure and phylogenetic analyses revealed marked genetic structure correlating with geographic distance and highly supported clades among and within the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula. Demographic modelling showed times of divergence consistent with recent periods of geographic isolation and low marine connectivity during glaciations, suggesting the presence of (cryptic) glacial refugia in the Red Sea and the PAG. Significant migration was detected within the Red Sea and the PAG, and across the Strait of Hormuz to the Arabian Sea, suggesting gene flow upon secondary contact among populations. Genetic-environment association analyses revealed high levels of adaptive divergence and detected signs of multi-loci local adaptation driven by temperature extremes and hypersalinity. These results support a process of rapid diversification resulting from the combined effects of historical factors and ecological selection and reveal mangrove peripheral environments as relevant drivers of lineage diversity

    Root architecture and rhizosphere–microbe interactions

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    Plant roots fulfil crucial tasks during a plant’s life. As roots encounter very diverse conditions while exploring the soil for resources, their growth and development must be responsive to changes in the rhizosphere, resulting in root architectures that are tailor-made for all prevailing circumstances. Using multi-disciplinary approaches, we are gaining more intricate insights into the regulatory mechanisms directing root system architecture. This Special Issue provides insights into our advancement of knowledge on different aspects of root development and identifies opportunities for future research
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