Experimental loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electron spins separated by 1.3 km

For more than 80 years, the counterintuitive predictions of quantum theory have stimulated debate about the nature of reality. In his seminal work, John Bell proved that no theory of nature that obeys locality and realism can reproduce all the predictions of quantum theory. Bell showed that in any local realist theory the correlations between distant measurements satisfy an inequality and, moreover, that this inequality can be violated according to quantum theory. This provided a recipe for experimental tests of the fundamental principles underlying the laws of nature. In the past decades, numerous ingenious Bell inequality tests have been reported. However, because of experimental limitations, all experiments to date required additional assumptions to obtain a contradiction with local realism, resulting in loopholes. Here we report on a Bell experiment that is free of any such additional assumption and thus directly tests the principles underlying Bell's inequality. We employ an event-ready scheme that enables the generation of high-fidelity entanglement between distant electron spins. Efficient spin readout avoids the fair sampling assumption (detection loophole), while the use of fast random basis selection and readout combined with a spatial separation of 1.3 km ensure the required locality conditions. We perform 245 trials testing the CHSH-Bell inequality $S \leq 2$ and find $S = 2.42 \pm 0.20$. A null hypothesis test yields a probability of $p = 0.039$ that a local-realist model for space-like separated sites produces data with a violation at least as large as observed, even when allowing for memory in the devices. This result rules out large classes of local realist theories, and paves the way for implementing device-independent quantum-secure communication and randomness certification.Comment: Raw data will be made available after publicatio

Рифма в рамках средневекового крымскотатарского силлабического стиха

В предложенной статье представлен теоретический материал, который раскрывает сущность и особенности рифмы, подкреплённый необходимым материалом из крымскотатарской литературы.У запропонованій статті представлений теоретичний матеріал, що розкриває сутність і особливості рими, підкріплений необхідним матеріалом із кримськотатарської літератури.In offered article the theoretical material which opens essence and features of the rhyme, supported by a necessary material from crimean tatars literatures is submitted

Turbulence in shallow jet flows

The general flow pattern of an open channel flow, downstream of a width restriction by two artificial dams, is analysed. A physical Froude-scaled model, under hydraulic rough conditions, with a significant large Reynolds number is used to ensure turbulent flow

The 2011 Philip C. Jessup International Law

The State of Rigalia and the State of Ardenia submit the present dispute concerning the Zetian Provinces to the International Court of Justice by Special Agreement, dated 5 May 2010, pursuant to article 40(1) of the Statute of the International Court ofJustice

Shaner leaves legacy of leadership, strong teaching

Radar range: standard. Max rain level: moderate rain

Dynamic Validation Logic Generation using Business Rules Management Systems

Input validation in web applications represents an important part of their functionality. With proper validation we ensure that provided input data is in accordance with technical constraints, defined by the developer and with business-related constraints. In web development frameworks, validation logic is coupled with program code. If one validation rule is changed, application needs to be recompiled and redeployed. In this thesis we developed a system for input validation based on business rules management system. Validation rules are stored in central repository, separated from implementation of web applications. Thus, we have achieved a simple and transparent way of declaring validation logic in the form of declarative business rules as well as simplifed applications maintenance in case of changes in validation logic

Rocking Revisited 1. Rocking of a Single Cube on a Breakwater Slope

Prototype single layer armour units on a breakwater slope are observed to break. To predict when breakage occurs, the objective of this research project is to obtain knowledge on, and measurements of the rocking behaviour and failure mode of single layer armour units. A single cube on a breakwater slope is subjected to investigations. Wave flume tests are conducted, in which rotations of a single cube are measured as a consequence of various hydraulic conditions. The tested parameters are: degree of exposure of cube, wave height, wave steepness and position on slope in relation to the water level. A three-axis accelerometer, which is placed in the cube’s centre, is applied during this Master's Thesis. Furthermore, wave gauges are applied to measure the wave conditions. For future CFD-modelling, measurements are conducted on water pressures during wave run-up on a non-rotating cube, using a pressure sensor. In addition, wave run-up velocities and the movements of the cube are captured with two cameras

MODIS-based Daily Lake Ice Extent and Coverage dataset for Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACTThe Tibetan Plateau houses numerous lakes, the phenology and duration of lake ice in this region are sensitive to regional and global climate change, and as such are used as key indicators in climate change research, particularly in environment change comparison studies for the Earth three poles. However, due to its harsh natural environment and sparse population, there is a lack of conventional in situ measurement on lake ice phenology. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) data, which can be traced back 20 years with a 500 m spatial  resolution, were used to monitor lake ice for filling the observation gaps. Daily lake ice extent and coverage under clear-sky conditions was examined by employing the conventional SNOWMAP algorithm, and those under cloud cover conditions were re-determined using the temporal and spatial continuity of lake surface conditions through a series of steps. Through time series analysis of every single lake with size greater than 3 km2 in size, 308 lakes within the Tibetan Plateau were identified as the effective records of lake ice extent and coverage to form the Daily Lake Ice Extent and Coverage dataset, including 216 lakes that can be further retrieved with four determinable lake ice parameters: Freeze-up Start (FUS), Freeze-up End (FUE), Break-up Start (BUS), and Break-up End (BUE), and 92 lakes with two parameters, FUS and BUE. Six lakes of different sizes and locations were selected for verification against the published datasets by passive microwave remote sensing. The lake ice phenology information obtained in this paper was highly consistent with that from passive microwave data at an average correlation coefficient of 0.91 and an RMSE value varying from 0.07 to 0.13. The present dataset is more effective at detecting lake ice parameters for smaller lakes than the coarse resolution passive microwave remote sensing observations. The published data are available in https://data.4tu.nl/repository/uuid:fdfd8c76-6b7c-4bbf-aec8-98ab199d9093 and http://www.sciencedb.cn/dataSet/handle/744.Peer reviewe