Executive Summary of Human Development Report Croatia 2006. Unplugged: Faces of Social Exclusion in Croatia

Program Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP) je svjetska mreža UN-a za razvoj koja djeluje u 166 zemalja, pomažući im kako bi našli vlastita rješenja za izazove globalnog i nacionalnog razvoja te stanovnicima omogućili da izgrade bolji život. Nacionalno izvješće o društvenom razvoju za 2006. godinu posvećeno socijalnom uključivanju u Hrvatskoj bavi se pojavnostima društvene marginalizacije pojedinaca i skupina stanovništva uslijed njihova ograničenog pristupa socijalnim uslugama, zapošljavanju, obrazovanju, stanovanju te ostvarenju ljudskih prava općenito. Za mnoge se hrvatske građane kvaliteta života u postsocijalističkom i poslijeratnom okruženju značajno unaprijedila. Međutim, napredak nije svim pojedincima i svim područjima donio jednaku korist. Bez odgovarajuće intervencije države, civilnog društva i međunarodne zajednice, rizičnu bi populaciju moglo progutati trajno siromaštvo, socijalna izoliranost i kulturna deprivacija. Slijedom aktivnosti u svezi pristupa Europskoj uniji i nastojanja da se odgovori na zahtjeve globalnog gospodarstva, ovo izvješće nudi preporuke za unaprjeđenje dostupnosti usluga socijalne skrbi i socijalnih mjera općenito, sa svrhom ublažavanja rizika od socijalne isključenosti. Prvo i drugo poglavlje ovog sažetka pruža kratki pregled koncepta socijalne isključenosti, modela otvorene koordinacije EU-a te gospodarske i demografske situacije u Hrvatskoj. Treće poglavlje detaljno prikazuje rizične skupine, navodeći ključne poteškoće i smjernice uz pobliže razmatranje njihova pristupa uslugama socijalne skrbi. Četvrto i peto poglavlje obrađuju ključne poteškoće s kojima se suočavaju ranjive skupine te nude moguća rješenja glede socijalne isključenosti u Hrvatskoj.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UN’s global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. The 2006 National Human Development Report on Social Exclusion (SE) in Croatia examines the ways in which individuals and groups of people may find themselves socially marginalized due to limited access to social services, employment, education, housing, and human rights. In a post-socialist, postwar environment, substantial progress is being made towards improving the quality of life for many inhabitants of Croatia. However, not every citizen and not every region benefits equally from this progress. Without proper intervention by the state, civil society and the international community, people at risk are likely to become engulfed in a self-perpetuating form of poverty, social isolation and cultural deprivation. As the nation works towards accession to the European Union (EU), and struggles to meet the demands of a changing global economy, the NHDR offers recommendations for improving the access to social services and social policies in general, for the purpose of reducing the risk of social exclusion. In Chapters 1 and 2, the Report offers a brief overview of the SE concept, the EU Open Method of Coordination and the economic and demographic situation of Croatia. Chapter 3 examines in detail the groups at risk, closely looking at their access to social services and pointing out key challenges and policy options. Chapters 4 and 5 expand on the key challenges which affect all of the vulnerable groups, and outlines possible solutions to social exclusion in Croatia

Kompetence za poucevanje za trajnostni razvoj na podrocju izobrazevanja uciteljev

Competences are intensively discussed in the context of cross-curricular themes, such as Sustainable Development and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), especially in light of the United Nations Decade for ESD (2004–2015). Recent literature on ESD lists a number of competences for ESD in various fields with the exception of teacher education. A competence model for ESD for educators was generated in the Austrian research project KOM-BiNE (Competences for ESD in Teacher Education) as part of a large-scale EU project. The KOM-BiNE competence model consists of areas of competences within fields of action. The constituent elements of the competence model are described in detail and are illustrated with examples. (DIPF/Orig.

Profesionalni razvoj učitelja

U ovom poglavlju izložena su tri pristupa u proučavanju profesionalnog razvoja učitelja. Prva perspektiva usmjerena je na praćenje razvoja kompetencija i emocionalnih reakcija učitelja u različitim fazama njihove karijere u svrhu prepoznavanja tipičnih obrazaca ponašanja i doživljavanja. Druga perspektiva bavi se istraživanjem unutrašnjih i vanjskih činitelja koji pridonose razvoju nastavničkih kompetencija i formiranju profesionalnog identiteta u pojedinim fazama razvoja. Treća perspektiva odnosi se na utvrđivanje glavnih razvojnih zadataka i njima primjerenim strategijama djelotvorne podrške učiteljima u pojedinim fazama njihovog profesionalnog razvoja. Uz svako razdoblje opisani su teorijski pristupi učenju i poučavanju najfunkcionalniji na pojedinoj razini profesionalonog razvoja. U inicijalnom obrazovanju polazište je socijalno-konstruktivistička paradigma koja se očituje kao pristup usmjeren na studenta, u drugoj razvojnoj fazi (uvođenju) težište je na konceptima situiranog učenja i kognitivnog naukovanja, a u razdoblju rane stabilizacije u središtu su modeli iskustvenog učenja i refleksivne prakse

Razvoj auditivne pažnje

This paper presents an overview of developmental findings on auditory attention and its main components. Unlike visual attention that has been excessively studied in infants and children, auditory attention studies in the youngest population are sparse. However, during the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of studies, especially electrophysiological ones carried out on infants. Our review starts with Posner's seminal theoretical and experimental work gradually developing into a neuropsychological model of attention. Basic components of auditory attention are presented with the focus on selective auditory attention and the MMN as its electrophysiological correlate. In conclusion, we return to the psychological concepts of interpreting developmental changes in auditory attention. The psychological level of analysis shows interconnectivity of all attentional components as well as the relation between attention and other aspects of cognitive and emotional development.Rad predstavlja pregled razvojnih istraživanja u okviru auditivne pažnje i njenih glavnih komponenti. Za razliku od vizuelne pažnje odojčadi i dece, istraživanja auditivne pažnje kod najmlađe populacije su daleko manje prisutna. Međutim, poslednja dekada beleži porast istraživanja posebno onih koja primenjuju elektrofiziološke parametre. Pregled počinje prikazom Posnerovog rada koji je rezultirao uticajnim neuropsihološkim modelom pažnje. U okviru prikaza auditivne pažnje, predstavljamo osnovne komponente ove funkcije, sa akcentom na selektivnu auditivnu pažnju i MMN kao njen glavni elektrofiziološki korelat. U zaključku se oslanjamo na psihološki nivo interpretacije razvojnih promena u auditivnoj pažnji. Ovaj nivo pokazuje međusobnu povezanost svih komponenti pažnje, kao i vezu auditivne pažnje sa kognitivim i emocionalnim dimenzijama ličnosti

Regionalni klasteri i novo zapošljavanje u Hrvatskoj

The findings of the first part of the research study illustrate that during transition period in Croatia huge differences in economic development level of single regions has been noticed. This could also be seen in movements of labour market. Increasing problem of aggregate unemployment from year to year points to existence of regional structural unemployment. In the context of this larger discrepancy, regional differences have special position, that have emerge at the unemployment level and employment composition, but also in the context of new employment. Such situation is present in old and new EU members, as well as in Croatia. The analysis of latest trends in employment and unemployment movements illustrate that Croatia has the lowest employment rate between old and new EU members, and that only Slovakia and Poland have higher unemployment rates than Croatia. In circumstances of steady and increasing unemployment higher importance is aimed at labour market institution and policy development which role is particularly elaborated in third and forth part of this research. The institutional system of the labour market consist of social system of protection, flexibility of lay off security, implementation of active labour market policies and level of regional labour force mobility. All institutional forms in transitional countries have become more important in the moment of conversion to market economic conditions. The forth part of the research shows that with unemployment rate increase, duration and amount of unemployment compensation significantly decrease. The main goal was to stimulate job seekers to start look for a job and to reduce unemployment duration. Therefore in transition countries labour market policies moves from passive to active one. Mainly it can be concluded that use of passive labour market policies stimulates unemployed to stay inactive for a longer period, while active ones try to make process of employment or re-employment easier. The majority of transition countries spent less than 1% of GDP on passive and active labour market policies. The last part of the first part of the research study is directed to establishing regional differences at the Croatian labour market and the influence of the Free Business Zone Varaždin (place of biggest greenfield investment in Croatia) on job creation. The average registered yearly unemployment rate in Croatia slightly decreased from 18,0% in 2004 to 17,9% in 2005, but regional unemployment differences still remains. The number of registered vacancies at the Employment Office decreased during 2005 and regional employment in Croatia has been influenced by seasonal employment in tourism again. Setting up of Free Business Zones has more and more considerable influence on job creation in Croatia. The main goal for its foundation, besides the economic development reasons, is in attracting FDI, the new technologies development, export growth according to the export orientation of the total production in the zone, employment growth, GDP growth and increase of citizen's standard in each county. It is expected that in the Free Business Zone Varaždin from 2005 to 2008 export will exceed 500 millions Euro and that around 3500 new jobs will be created. In the absolute quantity that is maybe a small number, but if it is planned that in such way the number of new employment in Varaždinska county will increase for approximately 18% yearly, the importance of Free Business Zone in Varaždin is not questionable. It is expected that unemployment in Varaždinska county will decrease below European average in 2008. Second part of the research study emphasizes a role of regional clusters in increasing regional competitiveness. Regional clusters, which can be defined as geographically bound concentrations of interdependent firms and knowledge/technology suppliers, are seen as an important instrument for promoting competitiveness and new employment growth. In many regions, clusters are enabling firms to overcome internal limitations by joining efforts and resources with other firms, R&D institutions and universities, and public sector organisations. Clusters established at the regional level can form the perfect environment to enhance innovation by allowing firms to take advantage of specialised suppliers, local know-how, information, skills and education. The proximity of customers, competitors, suppliers, universities, and research/innovation organisations favours the growth, the employment, and the attractiveness of the regions. Theoretical foundations of the cluster concept could be found in the different approaches, such as agglomeration, or district theories, but it is mostly based on Porter,s diamond analysis. Regional clusters became the strategic development tool in achieving the Lisbon agenda in Europe. The same is the case in most post-transition economies. The situation in Croatia is different, because the institutional prerequisites for the cluster development are not completely developed. Croatia is still not divided into the regions, according to the EU standards and regional statistical accounts are not realised yet and there is no relevant basis to comparative regional statistics. There is a low level of communication and coordination between national, counties and local authorities. Adequate microeconomic policies that support cluster development are missing, such as educational policy and incentive policy to foreign direct investment. On the national level the Regional development strategy is built up, the same as the regional operational plans in most counties. Regional development agencies also exist in most counties and they are mostly engaged on the SMEs projects and other actions dealing with competitiveness building. In different counties, the various types of business integrations are created, such as districts, business zones etc. Regional clusters are foreseen as the future goals in many documents, but only one internationally recognised cluster in Croatia exists. It is BIOS cluster, in publishing and printing sector.regionalni klasteri, regionalne razlike, kreiranje novih radnih mjesta, slobodne zone

Rani razvoj goranskih govora

U radu se razmatra povijest hrvatskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, koji se obično smatraju kajkavskim govorima. Obrađuju se različite promjene u akcentuaciji, konsonantizmu i vokalizmu do približno 16. stoljeća. One se uspoređuju sa sličnim promjenama u susjednim kajkavskim, slovenskim, čakavskim i štokavskim dijalektima. Najstarije nam izoglose pokazuju da goranske govore ne možemo smatrati doseljenim izdaleka ili miješanim. Moramo ih smjestiti u Gorski kotar već prije otomanskih nadiranja u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Raspravlja se o tome da je Gorski kotar dijalektno područje kroz koje teče više izoglosa koje postaju razumljive kad smještamo ovo područje u perspektivu okolnih južnoslavenskih narječja.The article discusses the history of the Croatian dialects spoken in the Gorski Kotar region usually regarded as belonging to the Kajkavian dialect group of the Croatian language. Several early accentual, consonantal and vocal developments are analyzed. These developments are compared to similar developments in the neighbouring Kajkavian, Slovene, Čakavian and Štokavian dialects. This leads to the conclusion that the oldest isoglosses in the area indicate that the Gorski Kotar dialects cannot be regarded as the result of recent migrations or as “mixed dialects”. The Gorski Kotar dialects can be placed in Gorski Kotar before Ottoman invasions in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is argued that Gorski Kotar forms a dialect area with local differences, which become understandable if we take into account the features of the surrounding South Slavic dialects

Yugoslavia

Present-day Yugoslavia covers the territory of what was left of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Socialistićka Federativna Republika Jugoslavija (SFRJ) following the secession, from late 1991, first of Slovenia, then, successively, of Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, and finally, Macedonia. This ‘rump’ - the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Savezna Republika Jugoslavija (SRJ) consists constitutionally of two sovereign republics, Serbia and Montenegro. Each has a separate government, legal and administrative system within the Federal constitution. They are often separately represented at international fora: within SRJ their relationship is uneasy and its future uncertain. Serbia today includes the former (SFRJ) ‘autonomous provinces’ of Vojvodina to the North and Kosovo to the south. Since 1987, both were progressively assimilated - administratively and politically - into the Republic of Serbia and were formally stripped of their autonomy under a new constitution adopted by Serbia in September 1990. Both SRJ and its constituent entities have uncertain status in international law. The declaration in April 1992 by Serbia and Montenegro that SRJ was the legal successor of the SFRJ was a de facto recognition of the secession of the other four republics. However, the United Nations ruled in September of that year that this could not automatically be the case and excluded SRJ from the General Assembly; subsequently the recognition of SRJ by other nations has been uncertain. Kosovo is presently under military control of NATO (and Russian) armed forces (KFOR), its administration in the hands of a United Nations mission (UNMIK); its future can only be a matter of conjecture. Examination of environmental issues in Yugoslavia must be informed by two principal considerations: • The physical and ecological characteristics of the region, and its social and economic development up to and including the collapse of the former Yugoslavia in 1991 • Events since 1991, including socioeconomic changes, the effect of external sanctions consequent on Yugoslavia’s involvement in the civil war in neighbouring Bosnia and Hercegovina (1992-95) and, most recently, the civil war in Kosovo and the intervention of NATO. The latter, in particular, cast a shadow over any analysis of Yugoslavia and its future, including the matters dealt with in this chapter, which therefore includes an assessment of environmental damage and prospects for environmental remediation against the backcloth of an analysis of the pre-1999 situation in the region