7,221 research outputs found
Les espaces de l'halieutique
Les tactiques de pĂȘches dĂ©veloppĂ©es par les pĂȘcheurs peuvent ĂȘtre interprĂ©tĂ©es comme des adaptations Ă l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© spatiale de la distribution d'une ressource. Elles visent en effet Ă rĂ©duire l'incertitude relative aux probabilitĂ©s de captures que peut attendre le pĂȘcheur, incertitude induite par la rĂ©partition spatiale de la ressource. Les facteurs intervenants dans la constitution d'une tactique donnĂ©e sont a priori nombreux, mais surtout difficiles Ă quantifier car issus pour une grande part de choix subjectifs et qualitatifs. On se propose ici de les aborder de maniĂšre thĂ©orique Ă partir d'un travail de simulations. Les comportements individuels des pĂȘcheurs sont ainsi modĂ©lisĂ©s en fonction de trois types de facteurs : facteurs informatifs, concernant les Ă©changes d'informations entre pĂȘcheurs au sein d'une flotille ; facteurs "cognitifs", liĂ©s Ă la connaissance partielle du milieu et la facultĂ© d'apprentissage des pĂȘcheurs ; facteurs directifs, liĂ©s au comportement du pĂȘcheurs ; facteurs directifs, liĂ©s au comportement du pĂȘcheur : interactions pĂȘcheur-pĂȘcheur, pĂȘcheur-ressource, pĂȘcheur-structure d'autoritĂ©. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, la prĂ©sente Ă©tude se concentre sur les dĂ©terminants des tactiques de pĂȘche relevant des deux premiĂšres composantes. On dĂ©finit ainsi un modĂšle d'Ă©change d'informations individuelles entre navires d'une part, et de savoir-faire individuel d'autre part. Ces modĂšles dĂ©finissent des tactiques de recherche de la ressource. Ils sont mis en oeuvre au sein d'un simulateur de type systĂšme multi-agent, oĂč sont reprĂ©sentĂ©es explicitement l'activitĂ© de pĂȘche des navires d'une flotille et la ressource sur laquelle elle se dĂ©veloppe... (D'aprĂšs rĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur
Is Private Enforcement of EU Law through State Liability a Myth?:An Assessment 20 Years after <em>Francovich</em>
This paper assesses the success of Member State liability as a tool for the private enforcement of European Union law. The argument made is that Member State liability, first established 20 years ago in the Francovich case, is not a suitable and reliable mechanism to compensate for the weaknesses of public enforcement. The argument is based on statistical findings concerning the case law on Member State liability in two key Member State jurisdictions, England and Germany. The findings reveal that surprisingly little litigation has taken place so far and that only a handful of cases were litigated successfully. This leads the author to conclude that Member State liability has not been successful as a mechanism for the enforcement of EU law. The article continues by analyzing why most of the proceedings initiated remain unsuccessful. It is shown that the criteria for the remedy are very difficult to satisfy and that there is reluctance on the part of national courts to award damages for the failure of Member States to comply with EU law. Before this background it is suggested that state liability under EU law should be chiefly regarded as a means of individual compensation rather than a tool for the private enforcement of EU law
Thermo-mechanical FE model with memory effect for 304L austenitic stainless steel presenting microstructure gradient
The main purpose of this study is to determine, via a three dimensions Finite
Element analysis (FE), the stress and strain fields at the inner surface of a
tubular specimen submitted to thermo-mechanical fatigue. To investigate the
surface finish effect on fatigue behaviour at this inner surface, mechanical
tests were carried out on real size tubular specimens under various thermal
loadings. X ray measurements, Transmission Electron Microscopy observations and
micro-hardness tests performed at and under the inner surface of the specimen
before testing, revealed residual internal stresses and a large dislocation
microstructure gradient in correlation with hardening gradients due to
machining. A memory effect, bound to the pre-hardening gradient, was introduced
into an elasto-visco-plastic model in order to determine the stress and strain
fields at the inner surface. The temperature evolution on the inner surface of
the tubular specimen was first computed via a thermo-elastic model and then
used for our thermo-mechanical simulations. Identification of the
thermo-mechanical model parameters was based on the experimental stabilized
cyclic tension-compression tests performed at 20^{\circ}C and 300^{\circ}C. A
good agreement was obtained between numerical stabilized traction-compression
cycle curves (with and without pre-straining) and experimental ones. This 3
dimensional simulation gave access to the evolution of the axial and tangential
internal stresses and local strains during the tests. Numerical results showed:
a decreasing of the tangential stress and stabilization after 40 cycles,
whereas the axial stress showed weaker decreasing with the number of cycles.
The results also pointed out a ratcheting and a slightly non proportional
loading at the inner surface. The computed mean stress and strain values of the
stabilized cycle being far from the initial ones, they could be used to get the
safety margins of standard design related to fatigue, as well as to get
accurate loading conditions needed for the use of more advanced fatigue
analysis and criteria
Ressources halieutiques potentielles et propositions dâadaptation aux variabilitĂ©s climatiques dans lâextrĂȘme Sud de Madagascar
The deep southern Madagascar is very reputed by the succession of famines â kere, that lead the death of people and livestock in that region. Those famines are due to repetitive droughts that occur periodically caused by climate variability in that area. We have conducted socio-economic assessment within three fishermen villages to better understand the life style of the southern coastal community. Then, traditional fishing survey has been undertaken to better understand and identify the characteristics of fishing activities and identify the main potential resources. Thus, a simple assessment of the climate variability was directed to well apprehend the climate risks and to have an overview on the community vulnerability. Socio-economic assessment results shown that fishing activity plays an important role in the southern coastal community livelihood and its development will contribute a lot to improve food security. The fishing survey results let us to conclude that the southern Madagascar still has lots of resources that are less exploited â except lobsters and shellfish. Lobsters and big pelagic and demersal fishes constitute the potential halieutic resources. The main climate risk is the drought â since 1896 till 2014, 14 droughts episodes have occurred and caused 14 kere. For a better climate variability adaptation, the development of the fishing activity will enhance fishermen adaptation capacity and resilience and improve the food security in whole. A deep assessment of the southern Madagascar upwelling system and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is recommended to well apprehend their characteristics as they are linked to the upcoming of drought.LâextrĂȘme sud de Madagascar est trĂšs rĂ©putĂ© par la succession des famines â kere, qui a provoquĂ© des pertes des vies humaines et des bĂ©tails dans cette rĂ©gion. Ces famines sont causĂ©es par les sĂ©cheresses rĂ©pĂ©titives qui se produisent pĂ©riodiquement Ă cause des variabilitĂ©s climatiques dans cette partie de lâIle. Nous avons menĂ© une Ă©tude socio-Ă©conomique auprĂšs des trois villages de pĂȘcheurs pour mieux comprendre le style de vie des communautĂ©s du littoral sud malagasy. En outre, des activitĂ©s de suivi de pĂȘche traditionnelle ont Ă©tĂ© entreprises afin de mieux comprendre et dâidentifier les caractĂ©ristiques des activitĂ©s de pĂȘche et dâidentifier les principales ressources halieutiques potentielles. Ainsi, une Ă©tude simple des variabilitĂ©s climatiques a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e pour mieux apprĂ©hender les risques climatiques et pour avoir un aperçu sur la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© des communautĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats de lâĂ©tude socio-Ă©conomique ont montrĂ© que la pĂȘche joue un rĂŽle important dans la subsistance des communautĂ©s du littoral sud et son dĂ©veloppement contribuera Ă©normĂ©ment Ă lâamĂ©lioration de la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire dans la rĂ©gion. Les rĂ©sultats de suivis de pĂȘche nous ont permis de conclure que le sud de Madagascar dispose encore dâĂ©normes ressources qui sont sous-exploitĂ©es â sauf la langouste et le coquillage. La langouste et les gros poissons pĂ©lagiques et dĂ©mersaux constituent les ressources halieutiques potentielles. Le principal risque climatique est la sĂ©cheresse â depuis 1896 jusquâen 2014, 14 Ă©pisodes de sĂ©cheresse se sont produites et ont entraĂźnĂ© 14 kere. Pour une meilleure adaptation aux variabilitĂ©s climatiques, le dĂ©veloppement des activitĂ©s de pĂȘche renforcera la capacitĂ© dâadaptation et de rĂ©silience des pĂȘcheurs et amĂ©liora la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire en gĂ©nĂ©ral. Une Ă©tude approfondie de lâupwelling sud malagasy et le dipĂŽle de lâocĂ©an indien (IOD) est Ă©galement recommandĂ©e pour mieux comprendre leurs caractĂ©ristiques car ces phĂ©nomĂšnes sont liĂ©s Ă la survenue de sĂ©cheresse dans le sud
EnquĂȘte sur les petits mĂ©tiers de la pĂȘche en Languedoc-Roussillon
Le programme de recherche POLYPECHE, rĂ©alisĂ© avec le support financier de la Fondation de France, a comme objet principal l'Ă©tude de la polyvalence de la pĂȘche aux petits mĂ©tiers dans la rĂ©gion Languedoc-Roussillon et ses implications en termes de durabilitĂ© et de gestion. Une connaissance actualisĂ©e des formes techniques et organisationnelles de cette polyvalence nous est apparue nĂ©cessaire. L'enquĂȘte prĂ©sentĂ©e ici entend rĂ©pondre Ă ce besoin. Elle a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e d'octobre 2012 Ă janvier 2013 dans l'ensemble des prud'homies de la rĂ©gion auprĂšs d'un Ă©chantillon de patrons pĂȘcheurs. Les questions posĂ©es concernent les moyens humains et matĂ©riels des entreprises individuelles de pĂȘche, les conditions d'accĂšs et de maintien dans la profession, les pratiques de pĂȘche, la perception des patrons pĂȘcheurs sur les milieux exploitĂ©s, leurs ressources, le systĂšme de gestion de l'activitĂ©. Elle a Ă©tĂ© complĂ©tĂ©e par une Ă©tude plus spĂ©cifique sur les conditions d'installation dans la profession de patron pĂȘcheur petits mĂ©tiers. Ce rapport prĂ©sentera dans un premier temps les aspects mĂ©thodologiques de l'enquĂȘte et de son traitement statistique. Les rĂ©sultats d'ensemble seront ensuite prĂ©sentĂ©s et discutĂ©s. Des annexes prĂ©senteront ensuite l'Ă©tude sur les conditions d'installation dans la pĂȘche aux petits mĂ©tiers et enfin les rĂ©sultats obtenus par prud'homie
Resource management: European viewpoints
The Marine Environment and Resource Management - Should careful and rational management of fish stocks be considered a myth or a realistic prospect?
Recent history has shown how. because of over-exploitation of certain fish-stocks - among which herring. Anchovy and cod are prime examples - the survival of some species has become an acute problem. Today all fishing zones are threatened, and no stock is safe from potential collapse.
The situation is so serious that some scientists and fish- workers' organisations have acted to sound the alarm and to demand from governments that measures to protect the resource be implemented.
However, looking beyond the indispensable need for legislation, it is the search for maximum profit which, unfortunately, so often governs fish production and marketing that must be challenged. Moreover, the question of resource management must integrate the need to safe-guard the ecology of the marine environment, which requires profound changes of mentality.
In Lisbon, Portugal, in June 1989, about one hundred scientists, fishermen and organization representatives from 25 different countries met at a symposium to develop their thinking on these questions. In this dossier, we publish some papers by European speakers at this inter-national meeting organised by ICSF. (56pp.) (Bellec, F. (ed)
DĂ©terminants socio-Ă©conomiques de lâutilisation des engins et pratiques de pĂȘche destructives des ressources halieutiques sur le lac Toho au BĂ©nin (Afrique de lâOuest)
La pĂȘche est une activitĂ© importante qui contribue Ă la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire dans le monde entier, en particulier dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement. Elle reprĂ©sente lâune des activitĂ©s principales dans le septiĂšme PĂŽle de DĂ©veloppement Agricole au BĂ©nin. Elle constitue pour les populations locales non seulement une source de protĂ©ines animales hautement nutritives mais aussi une activitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©ratrice de revenus. Elle est lâune des principales activitĂ©s humaines qui affectent les Ă©cosystĂšmes aquatiques. Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait dâanalyser les dĂ©terminants socio-Ă©conomiques de lâutilisation des engins et pratiques de pĂȘche destructives des ressources halieutiques. LâĂ©tude a portĂ© sur 129 pĂȘcheurs dans les villages VĂšha et Logbo (commune de Lokossa) et Tokpa et Tohonou (commune de HouĂ©yogbĂ©). La mĂ©thode dâĂ©chantillonnage alĂ©atoire simple a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour la sĂ©lection des unitĂ©s dâenquĂȘte. Un modĂšle Logit binomial a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour lâanalyse des dĂ©terminants socioĂ©conomiques. Les rĂ©sultats de lâĂ©tude ont montrĂ© que le nombre dâannĂ©es dâexpĂ©riences dans la pratique de la pĂȘche, le niveau dâinstruction du pĂȘcheur et la frĂ©quence de pĂȘche sont les dĂ©terminants de lâutilisation des engins et pratiques de pĂȘche destructives des ressources halieutiques au niveau du lac Toho. Lâutilisation des filets rĂ©glementĂ©s, le dĂ©veloppement dâactivitĂ©s gĂ©nĂ©ratrices de revenus autres que la pĂȘche, la rĂ©duction de la pĂȘche Ă la main, la rĂ©duction de lâutilisation des Ă©puisettes et le dĂ©veloppement de la pisciculture sont des stratĂ©gies de gestion dĂ©veloppĂ©es par les pĂȘcheurs face Ă la baisse des ressources halieutiques dans le lac Toho.Mots clĂ©s : Ressources halieutiques, dĂ©terminants, engins et pratiques de pĂȘche, modĂšle logit binomial.
English Title: Socio-economic determinants of the use of destructive fishing gear and practices of fishery resources on Lake Toho in Benin (West Africa)Fishery is an important activity contributing to food security in the world and particularly in developing countries. In south of Benin, fishery is one of the main activities in coastal regions. Fishery is not only a source of protein with high nutritious value but also an income generating activity. It is one of the main human activities which affect aquatic ecosystem. This study aims at analyzing the socio-economic determinants of the use of the destroy engine and practical in fisher. A total of 129 fishermen were interviewed in VÚha and Logbo villages in the district of Lokossa and Tokpa and Tohonou villages in the district of Houéyogbé in South of Benin. A simple random sampling was used for selecting the survey units. Binomial Logit model was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the number of years in fishery activity, the level of education and the frequency of fish harvesting are the socioeconomic determinants of the use of destroy practical in fishery in Toho lake. The use of regulated nets, the development of income-generating activities other than fishing, the reduction of catching fish by hand, the development of aquaculture and the development of the ritual practices, are ways to cope with the decline in halieutic resources of the fishermen.Keywords: Fishery resources, determinants, fishing gear and practices, Binomial Logit model
Revue d'histoire du Bas-Saint-Laurent, vol. 14 (2)
Ăditorial -- Enseignement -- ArchĂ©ologie -- Mont Commis ou Mont Camille? -- Joachim Vautour, pĂȘcheur rĂ©sidant Ă Rimouski au XVIIIe siĂšcle -- Les guerres du bois -- L'incorporation de Trois-Pistoles a donnĂ© lieu Ă une sĂ©rie de conflits (1916-1924) -- Chroniques rimouskoises -- Histoire orale -- Patrimoine -- Archives -- Des livres Ă lire! -- Photos ancienne
Yonec, une nouvelle vengeance du fils de le veuve?
International audienceLe lai Yonec de Marie de France présente une variante celtique du mythe de la vengeance du fils de la veuve, illustré tout particuliÚrement par le Conte du Graal de Chrétien de Troyes. Ce mythe initiatique a une signification religieuse. Il raconte le conflit entre un dieu civilisateur vaincu par un dieu tyrannique qui interdit la connaissance à l'humanité. L'initié vengera son pÚre et rétablira le pouvoir du dieu bon. Ce mythe inverse la vision chrétienne du péché originel, il est véhiculé par une tradition ésotérique qui a pris plusieurs formulations littéraires
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