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Kvantificiranje mikrovaskularnih promjena u kroniÄnih bubrežnih bolesnika
Introduction. Ocular microvascular changes can be related to kidney deterioration
in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to identify the association between retino-choroidal
parameters and kidney deterioration in diabetics and non-diabetics.
Methods. The study group consisted of CKD patients (cross-sectional study) with arterial
hypertension
with different stages of CKD. Complete eye examination was completed with optical
coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) scans of the macular region. According to the value of
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria, patients were divided into groups: low GFR
(60ml/min) and CKD patients without albuminuria and CKD with
micro or macroalbuminuria.
Results. One hundred and six eyes of 106 chronic kidney disease patients were evaluated. The mean
retinal thickness in GFR 60 ml/min
group was 274,36Ā±10,77 Ī¼. OCTA showed lower deep vascular density (DVD ) in CKD with albuminuria
versus CKD without albuminuria group (p < 0.001). Albuminuria was inversely related to
choroidal and retinal thickness measures of superficial (SVD) and DVD .
Conclusions. CKD is associated with retinal diluting and decreasing kidney function with reduction
of retinal and choroidal vascular density.Uvod. Korioretinalne mikrovaskualrne promjene mogu biti povezane s bubrežnim oÅ”teÄenjem u kroniÄnoj bubrežnoj
bolesti (KBB). Rad istažuje udruženost korioretinalnih parametara i bubrežnog oÅ”teÄenja u hipertoniÄara, dijabetiÄara i
nedijabetiÄara
s KBB.
Metode. PresjeÄna studija KBB pacijenata s arterijskom hipertenzijom razliÄitog stupnja oÅ”teÄenja funkcije u KBB.
Skeniranje
makularne regije na oÄima je izvedeno pomoÄu optiÄke koherentne tomografije angiografije (OCTA). Pacijenti
su podijeljeni na grupe prema stopi glomerularne filtracije na GFR60ml/min, kao i na KBB pacijenti s
albuminurijom i KBB pacijenti bez albuminurije.
Rezultati. Evaluirano je 106 oÄiju KBB pacijenata. Srednja vrijednost retinalnog zadebljanja u grupi s GFR <60ml/min
je 275,73Ā±9,65 mikrona (Ī¼), dok je u grupi s GFR>60ml/min 274,36Ā±10,77Ī¼. PomoÄu OCTA skena prikazana je znaÄajno
niža duboka vaskularna gustoÄa (DVD ) retine u grupi KBB s albuminurijom u odnosu na grupu KBB bez albuminurije
(p<0.001). Albuminurija je bila u negativnom odnosu s mjerama debljine koroida i retine, kao i indeksima povrŔne vaskularne
gustoÄe (SVD) i DVD -a.
ZakljuÄak. KBB je povezan s retinalnim zadebljanjima, a opadajuÄa funkcija bubrega s progresivnom redukcijom korioretinalnom
vaskularnom gustoÄom
Akteri druŔtvenih promjena u urbanom prostoru Hrvatske
U tekstu se u prvom redu govori o akterima druÅ”tvenih promjena u urbanom prostoru na primjeru Hrvatske. Polazi se od suvremenih shvaÄanja prostora tj. gradova unutar druÅ”tvenih procesa globalizacije, tranzicije i neoliberalizma. VeÄina autora (Giddens, Castells, Soja, Ritzer, Sassen...) globalizaciju shvaÄa kao svjetsko umreženje s lokalnim varijacijama (glokalizacija). Od raznih tipologija aktera u prostoru autorica izabire onu Bassandovu (2001.) koja aktere dijeli na: politiÄke, ekonomske, struÄnjake i civilne aktere. Prva tri aktera Äine trokut jer meÄusobno komuniciraju i povezuju se, dok se Äetvrti akter nalazi u opozicijskoj situaciji slabijega, ali sve prisutnijega aktera u raÄanju civilnoga druÅ”tva i demokracije. Posebna pažnja posveÄena je urbanizmu kao djelatnosti (i urbanistima kao akterima), koja se definira brigom za javno dobro, uvažava javni interes, te djeluje unutar pravnih regulacija u demokratskom druÅ”tvu. S obzirom da autorica pokazuje da tome nije tako, pita se radi li se o āsmrti urbanizmaā, ānovom urbanizmuā u zadatom druÅ”tvenom kontekstu ili o ānegativnom urbanizmuā, odnosno āantiurbanizmuā. DruÅ”tveni okvir je Hrvatska. (IN ENGLISH: The text is mostly about the actors of social changes in the urban space of Croatia which is used as an example. The author looks at globalization, transition and neoliberalism and how they affect the urban space, i.e. cities. For most authors (Giddens, Castells, Soja, Ritzer, Sassen...) globalization is the world networking with the local variants (glocalization). Among different types of actors, the author chooses Bassandās (2001) classification into political, economic, professional/expert and civil society actors. The first three actors form a triangle because they are connected in communication, whereas the fourth actor is a weak opposition which is nevertheless becoming more and more present during the birth of civil society and democracy. Special attention is paid to urban planning (and city planners as actors) which should, by definition, promote the public benefit, respect the public interest and legislation of a democratic society. The autor shows that our reality is different and wonders whether we are dealing with āthe death of urbanismā, ānew urbanismā in the given social context or ānegative urbanismā, that is, āanti-urbanismā. The social context is Croatia.
Postoji li promjena prema B-teoriji vremena?
The purpose of this paper is to explore the connection between change and the B-theory of time, sometimes also called the Scientific view of time, according to which reality is a four-dimensional spacetime manifold, where past, present and future things equally exist, and the present time and non-present times are metaphysically the same. I argue in favour of a novel response to the much-vexed question of whether there is change on the B-theory or not. In fact, B-theorists are often said to hold a āstaticā view of time. But this far from being innocent label: if the B-theory of time presents a model of temporal reality that is static, then there is no change on the B-theory. From this, one can reasonably think as follows: of course, there is change, so the B-theory must be false. What I plan to do in this paper is to argue that in some sense there is change on the B-theory, but in some other sense, there is no change on the B-theory. To do so, I present three instances of change: Existential Change, namely the view that things change with respect to their existence over time; Qualitative Change, the view that things change with respect to how they are over time; Propositional Change, namely the view that things (i.e. propositions) change with respect to truth value over time. I argue that while there is a reading of these three instances of change that is true on the B-theory, and so there is change on the B-theory in this sense, there is a B-theoretical reading of each of them that is not true on the B-theory, and therefore there is no change on the B-theory in this other sense.Svrha ovog rada je istražiti vezu izmeÄu promjene i B-teorije vremena, koja se ponekad naziva i Znanstvenim pogledom na vrijeme, prema kojem je stvarnost Äetverodimenzionalni prostor-vremenski manifold, u kojem proÅ”lost, sadaÅ”njost i buduÄnost jednako postoje, a sadaÅ”nje vrijeme i ne-sadaÅ”nje vrijeme su metafiziÄki isto. Argumentiram u prilog novom odgovoru na kompleksno pitanje postoji li promjena prema B-teoriji. Zapravo, Äesto se kaže da B-teoretiÄari imaju āstatiÄniā pogled na vrijeme. MeÄutim, ovo je daleko od nevine semantiÄke razlike: ako B-teorija vremena predstavlja model vremenske stvarnosti koji je statiÄan, tada prema B-teoriji nema promjena. Na temelju ovoga se razumno može smatrati sljedeÄe: naravno, promjena postoji, dakle B-teorija mora biti lažna. U ovom radu tvrdim da u jednom smislu postoji promjena prema B-teoriji, meÄutim u drugom smislu nema promjene prema B-teoriji. U tu svrhu predstavljam tri sluÄaja promjene: Egzistencijalna promjena, naime glediÅ”te da se stvari mijenjaju s obzirom na njihovo postojanje tijekom vremena; Kvalitativna promjena, glediÅ”te da se stvari mijenjaju s obzirom na njihovo postojanje tijekom vremena; Propozicijska promjena, naime glediÅ”te da se stvari (tj. propozicije) s vremenom mijenjaju u odnosu na njihovu istinosnu vrijednost. Tvrdim da, iako postoji interpretacija ove tri instance promjene koja je istinita prema B-teoriji, pa tako i promjena prema B-teoriji u tom smislu, postoji B-teorijska interpretacija svakog od njih koja nije istinita prema B-teoriji, stoga prema tome nema promjene prema B-teoriji u ovom drugom smislu
Naglasci promjena
Krajem srpnja donesene su nove izmjene Zakona o predÅ”kolskom odgoju i naobrazbi. Komentira ih prof. dr. sc. Jasna KrstoviÄ, dekanica UÄiteljskog fakulteta SveuÄiliÅ”ta u Rijeci i predsjednica Nacionalnog vijeÄa za odgoj i obrazovanje
Novi pristup motrenju promjena razine mora u Hrvatskoj
The paper comprises an overview of recent international and national efforts and activities directed towards the improvement of tide gauge network on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. A brief overview of the available measuring techniques is given first. Then the characteristics of Adriatic sea level are outlined, followed by a note on the history of sea level measurements and research in the Adriatic. The present sea level related activities are introduced by the institutional structure in Croatia, followed by a summary of recent projects and programmes (European Sea Level Service ā Research Infrastructure (ESEAS-RI), Mediterranean Global Observing Sea Level System (MedGLOSS), Project Adriatic and Adriatic Tides and Sea Level On-line). Concrete activities on the upgrade of Croatian tide gauges, data acquisition and maintenance, and on-line data presentation are presented in detail. In addition, the initiation of measurements of vertical land movements is documented, as a Continuous GPS antenna and receiver (CGPS) has been installed in 2004 at the roof of the Split Harbour tide gauge. A lot of effort has been put into the rescue of historical sea level records, both by digitising and scanning of the charts, which will prevent data loss in case of their ruination or disappearance. Finally, the impact of the recent activities on the scientific exploration of high-frequency resonant coupling of air pressure disturbances with the eastern Adriatic waters is highlighted in the paper, as such research is not possible to carry out properly with the measuring systems based on the analog records.Rad sadrži pregled novijih meÄunarodnih i domaÄih aktivnosti usmjerenih prema poboljÅ”anju mareografske mreže na istoÄnoj obali Jadranskog mora. Najprije su prikazani dostupni mjerni sustavi. Zatim su ukratko prikazana svojstva razine Jadranskog mora, te povijesni razvoj mareografije i istraživanja kolebanja razine mora. SadaÅ”nje aktivnosti u tim istraživanjima prikazane u ovom radu obuhvaÄaju institucinalnu strukturu u Republici Hrvatskoj, te pregled novijih projekata i programa (Europska mareografska mreža ā istraživaÄka infrastruktura (ESEAS-RI), Mediteranska implementacija Globalnog sustava za pra}enje razine mora (MedGLOSS), Morske mijene i razina Jadrana on-line, Projekt Jadran). Detaljno su prikazane aktivnosti koje su dovele do nadogradnje hrvatskih mareografa, prijenosa i obrade podataka, te internetskog prikaza podataka u realnom vremenu. Osim toga, u radu se dokumentira uspostava mjerenja vertikalnih pomaka tla, koja je inicirana postavljanjem CGPS sustava na krovu splitskog mareografa tijekom 2004. godine. PriliÄno truda je uloženo u spaÅ”avanje povijesnih mareografskih zapisa, koristeÄi digitalizaciju i skeniranje zapisa, Å”to Äe sprijeÄiti trajan gubitak podataka u sluÄaju uniÅ”tenja originalnih zapisa. Naposljetku, prikazana su najnovija istraživanja visokofrekventnih oscilacija razine mora i rezonantnog prijenosa energije iz atmosfere u more, omoguÄena uspostavom 1-minutnih mjerenja na mareografskim postajama, a koja nisu bila moguÄa s prethodnim analognim sustavima mjerenja
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