3,060 research outputs found
Crossings and nestings in colored set partitions
Chen, Deng, Du, Stanley, and Yan introduced the notion of -crossings and
-nestings for set partitions, and proved that the sizes of the largest
-crossings and -nestings in the partitions of an -set possess a
symmetric joint distribution. This work considers a generalization of these
results to set partitions whose arcs are labeled by an -element set (which
we call \emph{-colored set partitions}). In this context, a -crossing or
-nesting is a sequence of arcs, all with the same color, which form a
-crossing or -nesting in the usual sense. After showing that the sizes of
the largest crossings and nestings in colored set partitions likewise have a
symmetric joint distribution, we consider several related enumeration problems.
We prove that -colored set partitions with no crossing arcs of the same
color are in bijection with certain paths in \NN^r, generalizing the
correspondence between noncrossing (uncolored) set partitions and 2-Motzkin
paths. Combining this with recent work of Bousquet-M\'elou and Mishna affords a
proof that the sequence counting noncrossing 2-colored set partitions is
P-recursive. We also discuss how our methods extend to several variations of
colored set partitions with analogous notions of crossings and nestings.Comment: 25 pages; v2: material revised and condensed; v3 material further
revised, additional section adde
Phylogenetic mixtures: Concentration of measure in the large-tree limit
The reconstruction of phylogenies from DNA or protein sequences is a major
task of computational evolutionary biology. Common phenomena, notably
variations in mutation rates across genomes and incongruences between gene
lineage histories, often make it necessary to model molecular data as
originating from a mixture of phylogenies. Such mixed models play an
increasingly important role in practice. Using concentration of measure
techniques, we show that mixtures of large trees are typically identifiable. We
also derive sequence-length requirements for high-probability reconstruction.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/11-AAP837 the Annals of
Applied Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aap/) by the Institute of
Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
A non-conserved amino acid variant regulates differential signalling between human and mouse CD28
CD28 superagonistic antibodies (CD28SAb) can preferentially activate and expand immunosuppressive
regulatory T cells (Treg) in mice. However, pre-clinical trials assessing
CD28SAbs for the therapy of autoimmune diseases reveal severe systemic inflammatory
response syndrome in humans, thereby implying the existence of distinct signalling abilities
between human and mouse CD28. Here, we show that a single amino acid variant within the
C-terminal proline-rich motif of human and mouse CD28 (P212 in human vs. A210 in mouse)
regulates CD28-induced NF-ÎșB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
Moreover, this Y209APP212 sequence in humans is crucial for the association of CD28 with
the Nck adaptor protein for actin cytoskeleton reorganisation events necessary for CD28
autonomous signalling. This study thus unveils different outcomes between human and
mouse CD28 signalling to underscore the importance of species difference when transferring
results from preclinical models to the bedside
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