Dengue Virus Targets the Adaptor Protein MITA to Subvert Host Innate Immunity

Dengue is one of the most important arboviral diseases caused by infection of four serotypes of dengue virus (DEN). We found that activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) triggered by viral infection and by foreign DNA and RNA stimulation was blocked by DEN-encoded NS2B3 through a protease-dependent mechanism. The key adaptor protein in type I interferon pathway, human mediator of IRF3 activation (MITA) but not the murine homologue MPYS, was cleaved in cells infected with DEN-1 or DEN-2 and with expression of the enzymatically active protease NS2B3. The cleavage site of MITA was mapped to LRR↓96G and the function of MITA was suppressed by dengue protease. DEN replication was reduced with overexpression of MPYS but not with MITA, while DEN replication was enhanced by MPYS knockdown, indicating an antiviral role of MITA/MPYS against DEN infection. The involvement of MITA in DEN-triggered innate immune response was evidenced by reduction of IRF3 activation and IFN induction in cells with MITA knockdown upon DEN-2 infection. NS2B3 physically interacted with MITA, and the interaction and cleavage of MITA could be further enhanced by poly(dA:dT) stimulation. Thus, we identified MITA as a novel host target of DEN protease and provide the molecular mechanism of how DEN subverts the host innate immunity

“A Kaleidoscope of Color or the Agony of Race? Barack Obama’s Dreams from My Father”

Excerpt from Developing Transnational American Studies, edited by Nadja Gernalzick and Heike C. Spickerman

KRITIK SOSIAL YANG TERDAPAT PADA LIRIK LAGU ALBUM GULALI KARYA IKSAN SKUTER

            Penelitian ini berjudul “Kritik Sosial Yang Terdapat Pada Lirik Lagu Album Gulali Karya Iksan Skuter”. Adapun yang menjadi latar belakang dalam penelitian ini yaitu bahan ajar mengenai puisi yang terdapat di dalam buku paket kurang bervariatif. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kritik sosial yang terdapat pada lirik lagu album Gulali karya Iksan Skuter. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kritik sosial yang terdapat pada lirik lagu album Gulali karya Iksan Skuter. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik studi pustaka, teknik analisis, dan teknik dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian terhadap kritik sosial yang terdapat pada lirik lagu album Gulali karya Iksan Skuter dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut. (1) Kritik soaial masalah kemiskinan (2) Kritik sosial masalah kejahatan (3) Kritik sosial masalah generasi muda (4) Kritik sosial masalah lingkungan hidup (5) Kritik sosial masalah birokrasi. Kata Kunci: lirik lagu,kritik sosial