Quantification as reference: Evidence from Q-verbs

Formal semantics has so far focused on three categories of quantifiers, to wit, Q-determiners (e.g. 'every'), Q-adverbs (e.g. 'always'), and Q-auxiliaries (e.g. 'would'). All three can be analyzed in terms of tripartite logical forms (LF). This paper presents evidence from verbs with distributive affixes (Q-verbs), in Kalaallisut, Polish, and Bininj Gun-wok, which cannot be analyzed in terms of tripartite LFs. It is argued that a Q-verb involves discourse reference to a distributive verbal dependency, i.e. an episode-valued function that sends different semantic objects in a contextually salient plural domain to different episodes

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Documenting Knowledge: Plants and Their Uses in Southern Greenland

Local Greenlanders assume that traditional knowledge of plant uses in Greenland has been lost due to extensive Danish contact and modernization. We used an interdisciplinary approach to reconstruct this lost knowledge: the biologist provided botanical identification, plant uses, methods of collection, preparation, and storage, while the linguist provided access to the linguistic identification of the plants, both in Greenland and in a pan-Inuit context, and access to the historical documentation. We conducted open-ended and semi-structured interviews at two sites in South Greenland to document plant names and uses. Our findings indicate that local knowledge of is greater than believed. We documented over 170 uses of plants, mosses, fungi, and seaweeds. Here we consider the meaning and etymologies of Kalaallisut plant names, how they correspond or differ to other Inuit terminology, and compare traditional uses with those from other Arctic peoples to identify traditional Inuit knowledge versus that influenced by Danish contact. Certain medicinal plants appear to be known across the Arctic but differ in preparation between peoples. Some uses are clearly derived from Danish culinary practices. From a linguistic standpoint plant names appear to be derived from the Inuit language family. These data demonstrate the fusion of traditional and colonialist knowledge

A Semantic Analysis of Snow-related Words in Danish and Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic)

This paper emerges from the vexed question whether the allegedly many “Eskimo” terms for snow document a linkage between language, culture, and cognition. Using the semantic explication technique of the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) approach, the emic logics embedded in the Kalaallisut snow-related words aputit and nittaappoq and the Danish snow-related words sne and det sner are unfolded. Through a comparison of the findings, the paper discusses how the physical world is conceptualized in both culture-specific and transcultural ways. The explications are based on evidence from semantic consultations and text examples

A mission for grammar writing : early approaches to Inuit (Eskimo) languages

The Inuit inhabit a vast area of--from a European point of view--most inhospitable land, stretching from the northeastern tip of Asia to the east coast of Greenland. Inuit peoples have never been numerous, their settlements being scattered over enormous distances. But nevertheless, from an ethnological point of view, all Inuit peoples shared a distinct culture, featuring sea mammal and caribou hunting, sophisticated survival skills, technical and social devices, including the sharing of essential goods and strategies for minimizing and controlling aggression

Two Uummarmiutun modals – including a brief comparison with Utkuhikšalingmiutut cognates

The paper is concerned with the meaning of two modal postbases in Uummarmiutun, hungnaq ‘probably’ and ȓukȓau ‘should’. Uummarmiutun is an Inuktut dialect spoken in the Western Arctic. The analyses are founded on knowledge shared by native speakers of Uummarmiutun. Their statements and elaborations are quoted throughout the paper to show how they have explained the meaning nuances of modal expressions in their language. The paper also includes a comparison with cognates in Utkuhikšalingmiutut, which belongs to the eastern part of the Western Canadian dialect group (Dorais, 2010). Using categories from Cognitive Functional Linguistics (Boye, 2005, 2012), the paper shows which meanings are covered by hungnaq and ȓukȓau. This allows us to discover subtle differences between the meanings of Uummarmiutun hungnaq and ȓukȓau and their Utkuhikšalingmiutut cognates respectively

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Documenting Knowledge: Plants and Their Uses in Southern Greenland

The native language of west Greenland, Kalaallisut, is robust, with over 50 000 speakers among approximately 56 000 inhabitants. However, many people in Nuuk, the capital and largest city, believe traditional knowledge of plant uses has been lost as a result of extensive Danish contact. Our findings indicate that in southern Greenland local knowledge of plant uses is greater than believed. Interviews conducted with people in two southern communities, Nanortalik and Qassiarsuk, showed that people acquire knowledge about plants through a vast number of resources, not only Inuit knowledge from elders, but also published European sources and experimentation, raising questions about the extent to which such knowledge can be labeled traditional or ancestral. We documented more than 50 taxa and 205 plant uses in seven broad categories: medicine, beverages, food, herbs and spices, fuel, ritual, and material culture, the last category consisting primarily of decorative uses. Although medicinal uses account for the largest amount (~27%), the combination of the food, beverage, and herbs and spices/condiment categories make up nearly half of all uses. Some plants, in particular mushrooms and seaweed, were identified as edible but are not consumed. All consultants are fluent speakers of Kalaallisut, and identified the majority of plants. However, only 12 species were identified by everyone consulted, and some plants were identified by their Danish name. Some plant names and uses have remained consistent along the migration route of Inuit ancestors across the Arctic, while others have been lost or changed over time.La langue autochtone de l’ouest du Groenland, le kalaallisut, est une langue robuste. Elle est parlée par plus de 50 000 personnes relevant d’une population d’environ 56 000 habitants. Cependant, de nombreuses personnes de Nuuk, la capitale et également la plus grande ville du pays, croient que les connaissances traditionnelles des plantes se sont perdues en raison des contacts trop grands avec les Danois. Nos observations indiquent cependant que dans le sud du Groenland, la connaissance des plantes locales est meilleure que ce que les gens croient. Des entrevues réalisées auprès de gens faisant partie de deux collectivités du Sud, Nanortalik et Qassiarsuk, montrent que les gens acquièrent des connaissances au sujet des plantes au moyen de diverses sources, non seulement les aînés inuits, mais aussi à partir de sources européennes publiées et d’expérimentation, ce qui a pour effet de soulever des questions à savoir dans quelle mesure les connaissances peuvent être considérées comme traditionnelles ou ancestrales. Nous avons répertorié plus de 50 taxons et de 205 utilisations de plantes relevant de sept grandes catégories : médecine, boissons, aliments, herbes et épices, carburants, rituels et culture matérielle. Cette dernière catégorie prend principalement la forme d’usages décoratifs. Bien que les utilisations à caractère médicinal représentent la plus grande partie des utilisations (~27 %), l’ensemble des catégories des aliments, des boissons et des herbes et épices-condiments représente près de la moitié de tous les usages. Certaines plantes, plus particulièrement les champignons et les algues, étaient considérées comme comestibles, sans pour autant être consommées. Toutes les personnes consultées parlent le kalaallisut couramment, et elles ont réussi à identifier la majorité des plantes. Toutefois, seulement 12 espèces ont été identifiées par toutes les personnes consultées, et certaines plantes ont été identifiées au moyen de leur nom danois. Le nom et l’utilisation de certaines plantes sont restés les mêmes le long de la route de migration des ancêtres inuits à l’échelle de l’Arctique, tandis que d’autres se sont perdus ou ont été modifiés au fil du temps.Mots clés : Groenland, Arctique, ethnobotanique, linguistique, langue, Inuit, connaissance locale, plante