"His spirit was given only to warre": conflict and identity in the Scottish Gàidhealtachd, c. 1580- c. 1630

This article examines aspects of Highland or Gaelic Society in the decades immediately preceeding and following the Union of the Crowns of England with Scotland in 1603. It examines crown and crown-sanctioned commercial and colonial initiatives in the Highlands both before and after the union and how this impinged on patterns of feud and violence in the area. Many (but not all) of the inhabitants of the Highlands and Islands were deemed barbarous, uncivil, and fit for expropriation and colonisation. This essay focuses on how people in various localities in the Highlands, often regarded as a militarised society, reacted to and identified with the Scottish state and with the new British state after 1603

Global surface slopes and roughness of the Moon from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter

The acquisition of new global elevation data from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter, carried on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, permits quantification of the surface roughness properties of the Moon at unprecedented scales and resolution. We map lunar surface roughness using a range of parameters: median absolute slope, both directional (along-track) and bidirectional (in two dimensions); median differential slope; and Hurst exponent, over baselines ranging from ~17 m to ~2.7 km. We find that the lunar highlands and the mare plains show vastly different roughness properties, with subtler variations within mare and highlands. Most of the surface exhibits fractal-like behavior, with a single or two different Hurst exponents over the given baseline range; when a transition exists, it typically occurs near the 1 km baseline, indicating a significant characteristic spatial scale for competing surface processes. The Hurst exponent is high within the lunar highlands, with a median value of 0.95, and lower in the maria (with a median value of 0.76). The median differential slope is a powerful tool for discriminating between roughness units and is useful in characterizing, among other things, the ejecta surrounding large basins, particularly Orientale, as well as the ray systems surrounding young, Copernican-age craters. In addition, it allows a quantitative exploration on mare surfaces of the evolution of surface roughness with age

The distribution of Hemiragis aurea (Brid.) Ren. & Card. (Hookeriaceae, Musci) and related notes of interest

The horizontal and vertical range of Hemiragis aurea (Musci) is subdivided into four regions: I - N. Panama, Costa Rica, S. Nicaragua; II - circum-Caribbean; III - Guyana Highlands; IV - Andean. Ecological evidence is discussed in the context of the effects of volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, climactic changes and other factors

Distribution of Fishes in Reference Streams Within Arkansas\u27 Ecoregions

The State of Arkansas has been subdivided into six ecoregions based on the homogeneity of land surface forms, potential natural vegetation, soil types and land uses. Reference streams of various sizes, excluding the large rivers, and with the least amount of point source and non-point source disturbances were selected for intensive physical, chemical and biological sampling. These data are to be used to characterize the streams and establish water quality criteria which will protect all stream uses. Fish communities of the reference streams were distinctively different among the ecoregions and can easily be used to characterize the waters of different ecoregions. Although composed of different species, the composition of trophic feeding levels of the fish community was very similar among the ecoregions. The average number of species collected per sample site was similar among the ecoregions; however, the Arkansas River Valley and the Gulf Coastal ecoregions had the greatest species richness and the Delta ecoregion was the lowest in species richness. Species of fish sensitive to environmental change comprised near 50% or more of the community relative abundance in the Boston Mountains, Ozark Highlands and Ouachita Mountains ecoregions. Delta ecoregion fish populations contained less than 1% sensitive species. Comparisons of the ten most abundant species from each ecoregion by use of a similarity index shows very little similarity among the ecoregions. The Ouachita Mountains and Boston Mountains communities were most similar and the Ozark Highlands community versus Delta and Ozark Highlands versus Gulf Coastal were least similar