Evolution towards a Sustainable Public Transport in the City of Madrid

This chapter is a vision of the path followed by EMT of Madrid, during 25 years, towards the sustainability, efficiency, and contribution to the air quality in the city, starting from a diesel fleet, until getting a fleet 100% of clean vehicles, mostly GNC, which is already a reality. It shows the evolution and the use, from the practical perspective of an operator, of all the technologies available at each moment (biodiesel, bioethanol, hydrogen, electricity, natural gas, hybridization, dualisation, start-stop, catalysis, etc.) in Madrid, in a fleet of more than 2000 buses, more than 200 lines, and more than 400 million passengers per year, which makes this case an international benchmark. In addition, EMT is currently at the end of the transition to gas vehicles (CNG) and the implementation of urban electric mobility from the double perspective of the mobile material and the associated infrastructure needed, an essential case study towards sustainable public transport

ウランバートル市における自動車起因排出ガスの将来予測及び対策の効果推計

An accurate and comprehensive emission inventory helps governments to make quantitative assessments of the source contributions to air quality, adopt effective strategies with regard to air pollution, develop and implement effective policies that reduce emissions and enables them to plan cost-effective strategies. The emission inventory in main roads was prepared, the vehicle emission prediction dynamic model was developed and the effectiveness of some countermeasures as applying the new gas exhaust standard and using fuel additives was assessed. The vehicle emission prediction model was developed from 2015 to 2040, using system dynamics which is a methodology for studying and managing complex systems that change over time. The HDVs and vehicles in service for more than 10 years accounted for a significant proportion of the total pollution. In comparing 2015 with 2040, the total vehicle population was increased by 3.9 times, the total vehicle emission level was increased by 4.3 times.北九州市立大

Sustainable Innovation Policy Advice : Introduction

Two different rationales underpin the work behind the present policy report. The first relates to the necessity of obtaining a critical perspective that can challenge the consistency and usefulness of CASI-F, namely the framework developed during the CASI project to assess and manage sustainable innovation. The second objective is to conceive and propose a set of messages that can drive policy action in the short term towards more efficient sustainable innovation-oriented governance. The sections included in this chapter represent a logical and hierarchical sequence that proceeds from a brief introduction of the CASI project, to the description of the Policy Watch activity (of which this policy report is a key part), and finally to the description of the report’s objectives and structure.Non peer reviewe

Policy priorities for climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw materials

This chapter takes into consideration two distinct processes utilised in CASI to develop new sets of sustainable research and innovation (R&I) agendas. The first process is based on European sustainable innovators’ objectives, as gathered and analysed from more than 500 SI initiatives mapped in CASIPEDIA and led by the quadruple helix of SI stakeholders. The second draws on citizens’ preferences, as identified in two rounds (citizens-experts-citizens) of participatory workshops carried out in 12 European countries. Some mismatches are identified and the chapter reveals that gaps exist between what is currently taking place in research and innovation, and what citizens wish for. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates the potential of cross-disciplinary approaches to make cross-comparisons of data from multiple and diverse sources.Non peer reviewe

Sustainable innovation policy advice : outlooks and key messages

Grounded in theoretical assumptions on evidence-based policy-making and participatory advice research, this chapter presents a critical reflection on and discussion of different advisory activities carried out in the CASI project, namely the assessment of sustainable innovation initiatives, policy developments and citizens’ visions.Non peer reviewe

Characterization of exhaust emissions from palm oil-based and soybean oil-based biodiesel fueled heavy-duty transit buses

Biodiesel blends offer a renewable energy fueling option for compression-ignition internal combustion engines. Typically, biodiesel blended at or less than 20% (B20), by volume, will exhibit substantial reductions in diesel particulate matter (PM), while not significantly impacting oxides of nitrogen (NO X) emissions. Additionally, operation on biodiesel blended at B20 levels or less has not been associated with substantial fuel economy penalties.;A study was conducted, wherein two transit buses were utilized to quantify the emissions and performance effects associated with the use of biodiesel fuels, derived from palm oil and soybean oil. Evaluation of the two fuels was accomplished through chassis dynamometer, using West Virginia University\u27s Transportable Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emissions Testing Laboratory (THDVETL) as well as on-board, in-use testing, using WVU\u27s Mobile Emissions Measurement System (MEMS). Performance, fuel economy, and emissions data were collected from both test vehicles, while they were each operated on three candidate fuels---ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD - baseline), soybean oil-based B20 biodiesel, and palm oil-based B20 biodiesel. Two buses, unit 04208, powered by a 2004 DDC Series 60 engine, and unit 05108, powered by a 2005 Cummins ISM engine, were utilized for the evaluation. Both vehicles were outfitted with exhaust oxidation catalysts, and the engines employed exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) as a NOX reduction strategy.;Vehicle chassis dynamometer tests indicated that B20 blends exhibited 5-7% improvement in fuel economy, with similar vehicle-averaged reductions in fuel consumption realized for both biodiesel blends. NOX emissions measured from the tests for the Cummins bus were actually lower for B20 fuels than for the ULSD baseline fuel. NOX emissions recorded for the DDC bus were slightly higher for B20 biodiesel operation (1-2%). PM was reduced substantially (20-30%) for operation on both biodiesels for both vehicles, with slightly higher reductions in PM being realized for operation with palm oil-based B20. Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) data were inconclusive due to the presence oxidation catalysts.;During in-use vehicle evaluations, both biodiesel blends exhibited slight differences in fuel economy when compared to ULSD. An anomalous result for the DDC bus was reported, wherein fuel economy for the palm oil-based B20 was 20% improved over the ULSD baseline. However, brake-specific fuel consumption was consistent with other tests, indicating that much less work was performed by the vehicle during that particular instance of operation. Similar to the results obtained during vehicle chassis dynamometer evaluations, NOX emissions were actually reduced when operating with B20 blends for the Cummins bus, and only slightly increased for the DDC bus

Sustainable innovation policy advice using a citizen-expert-citizen approach to ‘aspirations’ mapping

Building upon a general conceptual debate about the nature and production of knowledge, this chapter traces the manner in which different norms, visions and experiences are mobilised when framing future sustainability outcomes, with a view to promoting the effective design of strategic public engagement mechanisms. As demonstrated, whereas citizens tend to emphasise the importance of multi-dimensional and holistic development, in which ecological, social and economic components interact in a complex manner, experts focus on the elaboration of narrower and more specific questions and challenges. The normative tension between perspectives is illustrative of the broader need for more inclusive, sustained and continuous cooperation between science and society at different stages of the policy-making and innovation processes. At the same time, it calls for the careful and proactive forging of public engagement methodologies that allow complementary (or indeed diverging) values, norms, and propositions to be acknowledged and put into context, so as to ensure greater accountability among a larger group of participants and societal stakeholders.Non peer reviewe