Conociendo la función del utillaje lítico tallado: veinticinco años de análisis traceológicos aplicados a contextos neolíticos del noreste de la Península Ibérica

This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean. In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying. The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona. This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods. In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out

Conociendo la función del utillaje lítico tallado: Veinticinco años de análisis traceológicos aplicados a contextos neolíticos del noreste de la Península Ibérica

Getting to know the function of the flaked stone tools: Twenty-five years of use-wear analysis on the Neolithic assemblages of the NE of the Iberian PeninsulaThis paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out.En este trabajo abordamos el análisis de la función de los instrumentos líticos tallados de diversos contextos neolíticos del noreste peninsular. El marco cronológico se sitúa entre mediados del VI milenio y mediados del IV cal. BC, lo que ha venido a llamarse el neolítico antiguo y el neolítico medio. De esta manera abordamos desde las primeras evidencias dejadas por las comunidades neolíticas que llegaron al noreste de la Península Ibérica, alrededor del 5600-5500 cal. BC, hasta dos milenios más tarde, alrededor del 3600-3500 cal. BC, cuando han ocupado todo el territorio desde las zonas más cercanas al mar hasta las áreas montañosas del Pirineo.En este sentido, el noreste de la Península ha sido una de las zonas donde se han realizado un mayor número de análisis traceológicos, especialmente de contextos neolíticos. Ello ha sido consecuencia, sobre todo, del interés por los directores de excavación y de ciertos especialistas en huellas de uso. Esa dualidad es la que explica que sea una de las zonas de Europa donde se hayan realizado numerosos estudios sobre la función de los instrumentos. El resultado es que hoy tenemos una imagen fidedigna de cómo eran y a qué actividades destinaron los instrumentos líticos aquellas primeras sociedades agricultoras y pastoras. La metodología empleada es la que habitualmente se usa en este tipo de análisis; es decir, se han utilizado de manera conjunta una lupa binocular y un microscopio metalográfico por el análisis de los útiles arqueológicos. Luego, los rastros observados han sido comparados con los útiles experimentales conservados en la ‘Traceoteca’, la colección experimental de la Institución Milà y Fontanals del CSIC en Barcelona.En este trabajo daremos información sobre los distintos yacimientos estudiados y sobre el utillaje que se ha documentado en distintos contextos arqueológicos, lo que ha permitido su comparación: asentamientos al aire libre, cuevas y abrigos, fosas con desechos, enterramientos y depósitos mineros. Esta diversidad de contextos es enormemente importante porque nos ha proporcionado información relevante sobre cada uno de ellos y nos han permitido observar si hay modelos comunes en relación a la morfología de los instrumentos y a las actividades a las que se han destinado. Los resultados obtenidos nos han facilitado además conocer ciertos aspectos relacionados con las estrategias económicas establecidas en los distintos asentamientos, sean al aire libre, cueva o abrigo. Hemos observado qué peso tienen las distintas actividades y qué relación tienen con el tipo de asentamiento, su localización geográfica y las áreas de captación de recursos que aquellas sociedades tenían a su alrededor. Pero también el hecho de trabajar con los útiles documentados en sepulturas, habitualmente individuales, nos han facilitado conocer qué materiales eran seleccionados para dejarlos como ajuar en los enterramientos y si éstos estaban vinculados con determinados individuos en base a su sexo y edad. En conclusión, el estudio de la función del utillaje lítico nos permite abarcar una variedad de temas; desde aspectos técnicos vinculados con los modos de producción y gestión de los recursos minerales hasta aspectos sociales relacionados a las actividades de subsistencia y a los individuos que las realizaron