3 research outputs found

    Identification of distant Agouti-like sequences and re-evaluation of the evolutionary history of the agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

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    The Agouti-like peptides including AgRP, ASIP and the teleost-specific A2 (ASIP2 and AgRP2) peptides have potent and diverse functional roles in feeding, pigmentation and background adaptation mechanisms. There are contradictory theories about the evolution of the Agouti-like peptide family as well the nomenclature. Here we performed comprehensive mining and annotation of vertebrate Agouti-like sequences. We identified A2 sequences from salmon, trout, seabass, cod, cichlid, tilapia, gilt-headed sea bream, Antarctic toothfish, rainbow smelt, common carp, channel catfish and interestingly also in lobe-finned fish. Moreover, we surprisingly found eight novel homologues from the kingdom of arthropods and three from fungi, some sharing the characteristic C-x(6)-C-C motif which are present in the Agouti-like sequences, as well as approximate sequence length (130 amino acids), positioning of the motif sequence and sharing of exon-intron structures that are similar to the other Agouti-like peptides providing further support for the common origin of these sequences. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the AgRP sequences cluster basally in the tree, suggesting that these sequences split from a cluster containing both the ASIP and the A2 sequences. We also used a novel approach to determine the statistical evidence for synteny, a sinusoidal Hough transform pattern recognition technique. Our analysis shows that the teleost AgRP2 resides in a chromosomal region that has synteny with Hsa 8, but we found no convincing synteny between the regions that A2, AgRP and ASIP reside in, which would support that the Agouti-like peptides were formed by whole genome tetraplodization events. Here we suggest that the Agouti-like peptide genes were formed through classical subsequent gene duplications where the AgRP is the most distantly related to the three other members of that group, first splitting from a common ancestor to ASIP and A2, and then later the A2 split from ASIP followed by a split resulting in ASIP2 and AgRP2. © 2012 Västermark et al.The studies were supported by the Swedish Research Council to HS and by Recursos y Tecnologı´as Agroalimentarias (AGL) 2010-22247-C03-01/ Incite09402193PR/CSD 2007-00002 to JMCR.Peer Reviewe

    Current Problematic Issues Associated with Special Investigative Activities

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    Maģistra darbs sniedz padziļinātu ieskatu speciālo izmeklēšanas darbību kā kriminālprocesuāla institūta problēmjautājumos, kuru pamatā lielākoties ir tieši teorijā un praksē nostiprinājušos atziņu dažādība. Darbs sastāv no trim galvenajām nodaļām, kurās autore apzina un analizē speciālo izmeklēšanas darbību teorētiskos un praktiskos aspektus un no to atšķirīgās normatīvā regulējuma interpretācijas izrietošos tādus aktuālos problēmjautājumus kā saistība ar operatīvās darbības pasākumiem, ar šīm darbībām saistīto procesuālo dokumentu un darbību veicēju liecību nozīme pierādīšanā, iegūtās informācijas aizsardzība u.c. Darba rezultātā autore konstatē pretrunas tiesību normu piemērošanā un ierosina veikt virkni grozījumu pastāvošajā normatīvajā regulējumā, lai tādējādi novērstu nevienveidīgas un tiesiski nekorektas prakses veidošanos.The Master’s Thesis presents a thorough insight into a special investigative activities as a criminal procedural institution and its current problematic issues, based mainly on a diversity of principles entrenched in theory and practice. The Thesis consists of 3 main chapters, in which the author identifies and analyzes a theoretical and practical aspects of the special investigative activities and current problematic issues occurring from the diverse interpretation of the normative framework, such as the relevance with an operational investigative activities, the meaning of a procedural documents and a testimony of a performer of such activities in proving, the protection of the information obtained etc. Resulting from the Thesis the author defines contradictions of application of legal norms and initiates to make a numerous amendments in the existing normative framework to therefore preclude the development of an inconsistent and legally incorrect practice
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