C-section and the neonatal gut microbiome acquisition: consequences for future health

[Background]: The human gut microbiota is assembled during infancy with an increase in diversity and stability. The correct colonization and the establishment of this microbiome are linked to the early and future health status of the individual. It is known that caesarean delivery alters this optimal microbial foundation. C-section (CS) is a common obstetrician surgery; however, it is not without risk for the mother/infant dyad. The World Health Organization recommends not exceeding 10–15% of the total deliveries; nevertheless, this rate has been increasing rapidly worldwide in the last decades. [Summary]: This review discloses the clinical parameters for correct CS recommendation. Moreover, the major microbial changes in the infant gut microbiome acquisition as a consequence of delivery mode and medical practices surrounding it, as well as, the early and long-lasting effects for both mother and babies are discussed. In addition, some strategies for the gut microbiota restoration are analysed. The aim of this review is to show the need for the development of strategies for minimizing or limiting the impact of caesarean on the microbiome development, favouring future health.This work was financed by the EU Joint Programming Initiative – A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life (JPI HDHL, http://www.healthydietforhealthylife.eu/) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO; Project EarlyMicroHealth), and by project AGL2017–83653R from Plan Estatal de I+D+I (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness). S.A. is the recipient of a postdoctoral Marie-Curie contract funded by the E.U.Peer reviewe