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    Evaluation of two aquatic passive sampling configurations for their suitability in the analysis of estrogens in water

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    The presence of estrogens in the aquatic environment has been the target of several studies in the last decade. Newly developed passive sampling techniques for polar organic chemicals show great promise for the assessment of long-time exposure of aquatic organisms to emerging contaminants. In the present work, two configurations of the Chemcatcher庐 passive sampler have been tested for their applicability to the analysis of seven estrogens in water. Accumulation experiments in the laboratory, to calculate the uptake rates, and a field trial show that the polar configuration of this device may be used for the efficient sampling and determination of estrogens in water. Time weighted average concentrations were determined in the field trial and compared with spot sampling concentrations. The detection of estriol using passive sampling, although not found with spot sampling, clearly demonstrates the value of this technique in assessing relevant concentrations of estrogens in the aquatic media.This work has been financially supported by the European Union under the STAMPS (EVK1-CT2002-00119) project and by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the projects CEMAGUA (CGL2007-64551/HID), SCARCE (Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2009-00065) and SOSTAQUA (led by Aguas de Barcelona and founded by CDTI in the framework of the Ingenio 2010 Programme under the CENIT call), and reflects the author's view. The EU is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained in it. Many thanks to Arturo Faura, Lluis Tirapu and Antoni Ginebreda from the Catalonian Water Agency for helping with the choice of the sampling sites and for the use of their facilities, as well as for providing the water parameters monitored with SAIH and XACQA. Marina Kuster gratefully acknowledges the I3P Program (Itinerario integrado de inserci贸n profesional; co-financed by CSIC and European Social Funds) for a predoctoral grant. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) is acknowledged for the gift of SPE and LC columns.Peer reviewe
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