Late Holocene history of the rainfall in the NW Iberian peninsula—Evidence from a marine record

Received 11 July 2006; revised 9 March 2007; accepted 14 March 2007. Available online 3 December 2007. 17 pages, 3 tables, 6 figures.This study reconstructs climatic variability over the last 4700 yr in the NW Iberian Peninsula on the basis of lithological, sedimentological, biogeochemical, micropaleontological (diatoms and biosiliceous compounds) and AMS 14C analyses conducted in a gravity core retrieved from the Galician continental shelf. The core was recovered at the Galicia Mud Patch, a muddy sedimentary body highly influenced by the terrestrial supply of the Miño and Douro rivers, and thus controlled by the rainfall variations over the catchment area. River plume transports the lithogenic and continental-derived compounds to the shelf area allowing us to recognize several periods of terrestrial/marine influence. These periods are well correlated with the lithological units identified. Coarser sediments, high values of Ca/Al, low values of Fe, Al and lithogenic Si (LSi) are representative of the marine-influenced periods. These stages are related to dry conditions and winds coming from the NE under a NAO positive-like phase. Terrestrial-influenced stages are characterized by muddy sediments, with high content of Fe, Al and LSi, freshwater and benthic diatoms, continental-derived organisms (crysophycean cysts and phytoliths) and high amount of land-derived organic matter as reported by the C/N ratios. The influence of NAO positive- and NAO negative-like periods and solar activity are the two mechanisms quoted to explain the climatic variability during the last 4700 years. Proxies for the lithogenic input and terrigenous content (non-organic material) show an increase at around 2000–1800 cal. yr BP, linked to the warmer conditions and high precipitation patterns during the Roman Warm Period, and soil erosion due to forest degradation and other anthropic activities. A strong river flow event is recorded in shelf sediments during 800–500 cal. yr BP. A pervasive NAO negative-like period, and the high irradiance registered during the Grand Solar Maximum (GSM) controlled the precipitation and induced a high run-off and riverine influx during this event.The authors would like to express their gratitude to Marta Pérez-Arlucea for helping with the sedimentological features and the description of the core. We are thankful to Clemente Trujillo, Paula Ferro and Jesús Roncero for the technical assistance and the help in sample processing. We also wish to thank the referees Roberto Bao and Teresa Drago for providing insightful and helpful comments that greatly improve the final version of this manuscript. This work was supported by Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte and Xunta de Galicia under the projects METRIA-REN2003-04106-C03, REN2003-09394, PGIDIT05PXIB31201PR, PGIDT04PXIC31204PN and EVK2-CT-2000-00060, PGIDT00MAR30103PR. P.B. and R.G.-A. thank the Xunta de Galicia (Secretaría Xeral de Investigación e Desenvolvemento) and Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Secretaría de Estado de Educación y Universidades) for financial support.Peer reviewe