Foraging sexual segregation in a Mediterranean environment: Summer drought modulates sex-specific resource selection

A large body of studies have linked sexualsegregation in dimorphic ungulates with differential resource selection and nutritional requirements of the sexes. However, detailed patterns of sexual dietary preferences have rarely been assessed as keystone mechanisms of sexualsegregation. We compared diet and nutritional selection by 3 sex-age classes in the Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus Hilzheimer) across reproductive states and according to seasonal fluctuations in resource availability in aMediterraneanenvironment. Foragingsegregation between sexes was found during rut when female/juvenile selection of shrubs was higher than that of males. Observed foraging patterns relate to a stronger selection of nitrogen, tannins and lignin by females and juveniles, and fibres by males. Our findings are associated to the Mediterranean climate, where rut and lactation concur with a shortage period, the particularly dry summer. Foragingsegregation between sexes during the rut could be shaped by a conjunction of factors such as the low quality of resources and different fitness enhancement strategies. We highlight both the importance of including the dietary component and providing a temporal framework when documenting ungulate sexualsegregation, and the interest of considering regional conditions when addressing management of ungulates with a wide distribution.LGB was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship from Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF CLM 2007/2013). Financial support was provided by projects PBI-05-010, PREG-07-21, PAI08-0264-1987 (all granted by JCCM) and CGL2007-63707/BOS (granted by Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund, ERDF).Peer reviewe