Analysis of the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in water, sediment and biota of the Jucar River (E Spain). Sources, partitioning and relationships with water physical characteristics

The presence, sources and partitioning of 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs: C4–C14, C16, C18 carboxylate, C4, C6–C10 sulfonates and C8 sulfonamide) were assessed in water, sediment, and biota of the Jucar River basin (E Spain). Considering the three matrices, perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the most frequent compounds, being remarkable the high occurrence of short-chain PFASs (C≤8), which are intended to replace the long-chain ones in several industrial and commercial applications. In general, all samples were contaminated with at least one PFAS, with the exception of three fish samples. Mean concentrations detected in sediments (0.22–11.5 ng g−1) and biota (0.63–274 µg kg−1) samples were higher than those measured in water (0.04–83.1 ng L−1), which might suggest (bio) accumulation. The occurrence of PFAS is related to urban and industrial discharges (Cuenca city in the upper part of basin, and car's factory, and effluents of the sewage treatment plant (STP) of Alzira, in the lower part). Increasing pollution gradients were found. On the other hand, higher contamination levels were observed after regulation dams of the catchment pointing out their importance in the re-distribution of these contaminants. None of the hazard quotients (HQ) calculated indicate potential risk for the different tropic levels considered (algae, Daphnia sp. and fish). PFAS concentrations found in this study can be considered in acceptable levels if compared to existing Regulatory Legislation and, consequently, they do not pose an immediate human health risk.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the Projects “Assessing and Predicting Effects on Water Quantity and Quality in Iberian Rivers Caused by Global Change” (SCARCE, CSD-665-2009; http://www.scarceconsolider.es/publica/P000Main.php) and “Evaluation of Emerging Contaminants in the Turia River Basin: From Basic Research to the Application of Environmental Forensics” (CGL2011-29703-C02-02; http://mefturia.es/). JC also acknowledges the VALi+d postdoctoral contract (APOSTD/2014/010) of the Generalitat Valenciana for funding.Peer reviewe