Effect of Yb-substitution on thermally activated flux creep in the Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2-x Yb x O y superconductors

In the present work, Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2-x Yb x O y (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25) superconductors were prepared by a polymer matrix route technique, and subsequently used as feed in a laser induced directional solidification (LFZ) process. The X-ray diffraction, DC magnetization and magnetoresistance measurements were studied. All samples consist mainly of the Bi-2212 phase which indicates the performed process is adequate. However, some impurity phases like CaCuO 2 were also detected. We have calculated the hole number using the relation given by Presland, and particle size, L hkl , using the XRD patterns results. From M-T results, the superconducting transition temperatures, T C , of the samples were found 93, 90, 87, and 85 K, respectively. The activation energies, irreversibility fields (H irr ), upper critical fields (H c2 ) and coherence lengths at 0 K (?(0)) were calculated from the resistivity versus temperature (R-T) curves, under DC magnetic fields up to 5 T. The thermally activated flux creep model has been studied in order to calculate the flux pinning energies. The results indicated that Hc2(0) varied from 132 to 30 T and the flux pinning energies varied from 650 to 400 meV at 0 T, with the content of Yb. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.MAT2011-22719 Gobierno de Aragón FEF 2011D21Acknowledgments This work is supported by Research Fund of Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey, under grant contracts no: FEF 2011D21. A. Sotelo and M. A. Madre wish to thank the Gobierno de Aragón (Research Group T12), for financial support. M. A. Madre also acknowledges the MINECO-FEDER (Project MAT2011-22719) for funding. The authors thank to Prof. Dr. Cabir Terziog^lu from Abant 'zzet Baysal University for his help during the magnetoresistance measurements

Layer professional activities of criminal proceeding in Latvia and abroad

Bakalaura darba izpētes objekts ir advokāta profesionālās darbības virzieni kriminālprocesa ietvaros Latvijā un ārzemēs. Darba mērķis ir izzināt advokāta iespējamos statusus un to darbību apjomu kriminālprocesa ietvaros Latvijā un salīdzināt ar ārvalsti (Ukrainu), un saskatīt iespējamās nepilnības advokāta statusa reglamentācijā. Noteiktā mērķa sasniegšanai autore izvirzīja vairākus uzdevumus: izzināt advokāta jēdziena būtību; uzskaitīt un izpētīt advokāta iespējamos statusus tiesību sistēmā un to vēsturisko attīstību; izzināt advokāta lomu kriminālprocesa ietvaros; izpētīt atsevišķi un salīdzināt citas valsts advokāta darbības virzienus kriminālprocesā. Darba rezultātā secināts, ka advokāts abu valstu kriminālprocesā var iegūt trīs statusus, aizstāvības un pārstāvības reglamentācija bija līdzīga, taču juridiskās palīdzības sniegšana ārvalstīs saturēja lakoniskāku skaidrojumu, norādot, ka advokāts var sniegt juridiskās konsultācijas, tādējādi izvairoties no termina juridiskā palīdzība nepareizas izpratnes attiecībā uz advokātu. Normatīvā regulējuma analīze un salīdzinājums ar citu valsti atklāja, ka dažos jautājumos kriminālprocesā attiecībā uz advokātu var rasties neizpratne. Atslēgas vārdi- advokāts, statuss kriminālprocesā, aizstāvis, pārstāvis, juridiskās palīdzības sniedzējs.The present paper investigates lawyer’s activities of criminal proceedings in Latvia and abroad. The aim of the paper is to research the main possible legal statuses and its scope of activities in the course of criminal proceedings in the comparison between Latvia and Ukraine, and to discern the possible imperfections in lawyer’s regulation of legal forms/statuses. The goal was to investigate the essence of lawyer’s notion, to list and research lawyer’s possible legal forms/statuses in legal system and their historical development, to investigate lawyer’s role/significance in criminal proceedings, and, apart, to research and compare lawyer’s activities of criminal proceedings in another country. The findings indicate that the lawyer in both countries can obtain three statuses; the regulation of advocacy and representation was similar; however, the case of provision of legal assistance abroad contained more laconic explanation indicating that a lawyer can provide/offer legal advice, therefore avoiding incorrect use of notion of legal assistance in the regard to lawyer. The analysis of normative regulation and it’s comparison to another country indicate that in some questions incomprehension of criminal proceedings can arise. Key words: layer, the status in criminal proceedings, advocacy, representative, legal aid provider