Reversals in complex traits uncovered as reticulation events: Lessons from the evolution of parity-mode, chromosome morphology, and maternal resource transfer

[EN] Complex traits include, among many others, the evolution of eyes, wings, body forms, reproductive modes, human intelligence, social behaviour, diseases, and chromosome morphology. Dollo¿s law states that the evolution of complex traits is irreversible. However, potential exceptions have been proposed. Here, we investigated whether reticulation, a simple and elegant means by which complex characters may be reacquired, could account for suggested reversals in the evolution of complex characters using two datasets with sufficient genetic coverage and a total of five potential reversals. Our analyses uncovered a potential reversal in the evolution of parity mode and a potential reversal in the evolution of placentotrophy of fish (Cyprinodontiformes) as reticulation events. Moreover, in a reptile that exhibits a potential reversal from viviparity to oviparity (Zootoca vivipara), reticulation provided the most parsimonious explanation for sex chromosome evolution. Therefore, three of the five studied potential reversals were unravelled as reticulation events. This constitutes the first evidence that accounting for reticulation can fundamentally influence the interpretation of the evolution of complex traits, that testing for reticulation is crucial for obtaining robust phylogenies, and that complex ancestral characters may be reacquired through hybridization with a lineage that still exhibits the trait. Hybridization, rather than re-appearance of ancestral traits by means of small evolutionary steps, may thus account for suggested exceptions to Dollo¿s law. Consequently, ruling out reticulation is required to claim evolutionary reversal of complex characters and potential exceptions to Dollo's ruleEU Marie Curie‐Clarín CoFund, Grant/Award Number: ACA14–26; Swiss National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Numbers: PP00P3_152929/1, PPOOP3_128375; Spanish MINECO postdoc, Grant/Award Number: FPDI‐2013‐16116; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, Grant/Award Number: CGL2008‐01522 and CGL2012‐3245