The relationship between DRD4 polymorphisms and phenotypic correlations of behaviors in the collared flycatcher

There is increasing evidence that the genetic architecture of exploration behav- ior includes the dopamine receptor D4 gene ( DRD4 ). Such a link implies that the within-individual consistency in the same behavior has a genetic basis. Behavioral consistency is also prevalent in the form of between-individual cor- relation of functionally different behaviors; thus, the relationship between DRD4 polymorphism and exploration may also be manifested for other behav- iors. Here, in a Hungarian population of the collared flycatcher, Ficedula albi- collis , we investigate how males with distinct DRD4 genotypes differ in the consistent elements of their behavioral displays during the courtship period. In completely natural conditions, we assayed novelty avoidance, aggression and risk-taking, traits that were previously shown repeatable over time and correlate with each other, suggesting that they could have a common mechanistic basis. We identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP554 and SNP764) in the exon 3 of the DRD4 gene by sequencing a subsample, then we screened 202 individuals of both sexes for these SNPs. Focusing on the genotypic variation in courting males, we found that “AC” heterozygote individuals at the SNP764 take lower risk than the most common “AA” homozygotes (the “CC” homo- zygotes were not represented in our subsample of males). We also found a con- siderable effect size for the relationship between SNP554 polymorphism and novelty avoidance. Therefore, in addition to exploration, DRD4 polymorphisms may also be associated with the regulation of behaviors that may incur fear or stress. Moreover, polymorphisms at the two SNPs were not independent indi- cating a potential role for genetic constraints or another functional link, which may partially explain behavioral correlations

The relationship between DRD4 polymorphisms and phenotypic correlations of behaviors in the collared flycatcher

There is increasing evidence that the genetic architecture of exploration behavior includes the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4). Such a link implies that the within-individual consistency in the same behavior has a genetic basis. Behavioral consistency is also prevalent in the form of between-individual correlation of functionally different behaviors; thus, the relationship between DRD4 polymorphism and exploration may also be manifested for other behaviors. Here, in a Hungarian population of the collared flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis, we investigate how males with distinct DRD4 genotypes differ in the consistent elements of their behavioral displays during the courtship period. In completely natural conditions, we assayed novelty avoidance, aggression and risk-taking, traits that were previously shown repeatable over time and correlate with each other, suggesting that they could have a common mechanistic basis. We identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP554 and SNP764) in the exon 3 of the DRD4 gene by sequencing a subsample, then we screened 202 individuals of both sexes for these SNPs. Focusing on the genotypic variation in courting males, we found that “AC” heterozygote individuals at the SNP764 take lower risk than the most common “AA” homozygotes (the “CC” homozygotes were not represented in our subsample of males). We also found a considerable effect size for the relationship between SNP554 polymorphism and novelty avoidance. Therefore, in addition to exploration, DRD4 polymorphisms may also be associated with the regulation of behaviors that may incur fear or stress. Moreover, polymorphisms at the two SNPs were not independent indicating a potential role for genetic constraints or another functional link, which may partially explain behavioral correlations

Effect of anisotropic diffusion filter at the reducing on plate images noises

Plaka karakter tanıma, araçların plakaları vasıtasıyla tanınmasına yarayan bir görüntü işleme uygulamasıdır. Günümüzde plaka karakter tanıma için geliştirilen birçok görüntü işleme teknikleri kötü hava koşulları ve kirli plakalar yüzünden etkili sonuçlar verememektedir. Bu olumsuz yönleri yok etmek ve etkili bir sonuç alabilmek için ortalama, ortanca, wiener gibi çeşitli görüntü filtreleme teknikleri kullanılmaktadır. Ancak kullanılan bu filtreleme teknikleri görüntüdeki gürültüyü yok ederken orijinal görüntünün kenarlarında kalınlaşma ve bozulmalar meydana getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, görüntüdeki gürültünün temizlenmesi için yön bağımsız yayınım filtreleme yöntemi, dört farklı yayınım fonksiyonu ile test edilmiştir. Yapılan testlerde, yön bağımsız yayınım filtreleme sonucu görüntüdeki en az bozulmanın Perona-Malik’in ikinci fonksiyonu kullanıldığında ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür.Plate number recognition is one of image processing application, which is used to identify cars. Nowadays, various types of image processing methods are used to recognize plate number. However, they could not produce satisfactory results because of bad weather conditions and dirty plates. Image filters such as mean, median, wiener are used in order to avoid from bad effects and to achieve effective results. On the other hand, the conventional filters destroy the edge information in the plate image while denoising the images. In this study, in order to filter the plate image, anisotropic diffusion filtering method has been tested with four different diffusion functions. Accordingly, it was observed that the minimum distortion occurred when it was realized by using Perona Malik’s second function