Mutations sociospatiales en milieu urbain. Entre citadinité et ruralité : l’exemple d’une ancienne ville coloniale française en Algérie

La ville d’Aïn-Beïda, en Algérie, est un terrain propice à une réflexion sur les mutations sociospatiales en milieu urbain, notamment lorsqu’il s’agit des anciennes villes coloniales françaises, tant qu’elles continuent à faire face à la dichotomie citadinité-ruralité. Une analyse de l’étalement urbain a été nécessaire pour appréhender les ségrégations qui lui sont associées et cerner les contrecoups d’une crise multiforme, tout en se référant au passé d’une ville à l’ancrage citadin. Une investigation sur l’accès à la ville des migrants installés dans un quartier périphérique a été réalisée. La volonté d’identifier ces nouveaux habitants apporte un éclairage sur leur manière de penser et pratiquer l’urbain et permet d’aborder les questions de citadinité afin de saisir, dans un contexte local, l’évolution de cette notion et les questions d’intégration.The city of Aïn-Beïda in Algeria is ready material for a case study on sociospatial mutation in the urban milieus of former French colonial cities confronted by the citadinity-rurality dichotomy. We found it necessary conduct an analysis of the urban sprawl in order to understand the related segregation in addition to the subsequent impact of a multifarious crisis, in relation to the past life of a city rooted in citadinity, We also carried out an investigation of migrants who had settled on the city outskirts and their means of access to the city. By identifying these new inhabitants, we were able to shed light on their thinking and habits with regard to city life. We were therefore able to tackle citadinity in a local setting and understand the evolution of the concept and the process of migrant integration

L’urbanité langagière tizi-ouzéenne : fantasmes et tabous

AgzulDeg tezrawt-agi, nezrew tameslyat n tama n ufella n temdint n Tizi-Uzzu « zdimuḥ » ; d tameslyat temyekcamen gar taqbaylit d taɛrabt, yi-s ay netteɛqal imezdaɣ n temdint n Tizi-Uzzu. D tameslayt terkeḍ tefransist imi semmrasen-tt kan wid ur neɣri ara. D cu kan tafransist semmrasen-tt wid yeɣran.Abstract Considered as the ontological foundation of citadinity, zdimoh (a hybrid arabic-kabyle language anchored in the temporality of the newcomer and having dechera as a glottogenic focus) justifies the identity defector of the rural migrant. Constituted in schema of alienation, it becomes a casus belli, the first act motivating glottophobie. Parallel to the "ancestral" zdimoh prevails a neo-language norm called tahlab, backed by the fantasy of modernity. While having the value of a juvenile phenotype, the "language of the tahlab" is self-identified under the prism of the deviance which mobilizes the entropic figures of the "fool" and the "thug". Above all, it symbolizes the auto-odic part of oneself, that of a forced socialization. Faced with french seen as an archetype of knowledge, it denotes a state of ignorance, just as kabyle and zdimoh then reified in an archaic status quo. In this perspective, the french language ensures the doubling allowing the subject to simulate his ideal of intellectuality or to satisfy the fantasy of civilization, but paradoxically embodies a heterotopic norm inducing glottophagy. Keywords : urban sociolinguistics, linguistic taboos, glotophobia, hurrain space, language practice

Métropoles et globalisation dans le monde arabe et méditerranéen : état, enjeux et perspectives

Le monde méditerranéen et arabe, espace de vieilles civilisations urbaines, est riche d’une vingtaine de très grandes villes. Rares sont pourtant les villes fortes et productives, actrices de l’économie monde. Actives dans leur « périmètre national », la plupart des villes de premier rang, métropoles incomplètes, ont fait longtemps illusion. Avec l’ouverture au monde et avec la globalisation des marchés, la grande ville arabe et méditerranéenne peine à se situer sur la toile des villes du monde, à l’exception des métropoles de la Méditerranée européenne qui prennent appui sur de riches et denses territoires. De ces incertitudes naissent de nombreuses interrogations sur leur capacité à faire face aux multiples enjeux de la nouvelle métropolisation, enjeux économiques et enjeux sociaux qui touchent jusqu’au plus intime des sociétés : l’identité, la citoyenneté, soit une remise en cause de la citadinité classique méditerranéenne et arabe.The Mediterranean and Arab world, arena of ancient urban civilization, is rich in cities : twenty or very large ones. Strong and productive cities however are rare, despite being actors in the world economy. Active within the perimeter of their national area, most of the first rank cities, incomplete métropoles, long gave this illusion. As the world opens up and markets become global, large Arab and Mediterranean cities find it hard to situate themselves in the web of world cities, with the exception of European Mediterranean metropoles which lean on their rich and dense territory. A certain number of questions arise from these uncertainties as to the capacity of these cities to face the many challenges of the new metropolisation ; économic stakes (challenges) and social stakes which touch even the most intimate part of societies : identity, citizenship, that is to say the Mediterranean and Arab classic citadinity.

Métropoles et globalisation dans le monde arabe et méditerranéen : état, enjeux et perspectives

Le monde méditerranéen et arabe, espace de vieilles civilisations urbaines, est riche d’une vingtaine de très grandes villes. Rares sont pourtant les villes fortes et productives, actrices de l’économie monde. Actives dans leur « périmètre national », la plupart des villes de premier rang, métropoles incomplètes, ont fait longtemps illusion. Avec l’ouverture au monde et avec la globalisation des marchés, la grande ville arabe et méditerranéenne peine à se situer sur la toile des villes du monde, à l’exception des métropoles de la Méditerranée européenne qui prennent appui sur de riches et denses territoires. De ces incertitudes naissent de nombreuses interrogations sur leur capacité à faire face aux multiples enjeux de la nouvelle métropolisation, enjeux économiques et enjeux sociaux qui touchent jusqu’au plus intime des sociétés : l’identité, la citoyenneté, soit une remise en cause de la citadinité classique méditerranéenne et arabe.The Mediterranean and Arab world, arena of ancient urban civilization, is rich in cities : twenty or very large ones. Strong and productive cities however are rare, despite being actors in the world economy. Active within the perimeter of their national area, most of the first rank cities, incomplete métropoles, long gave this illusion. As the world opens up and markets become global, large Arab and Mediterranean cities find it hard to situate themselves in the web of world cities, with the exception of European Mediterranean metropoles which lean on their rich and dense territory. A certain number of questions arise from these uncertainties as to the capacity of these cities to face the many challenges of the new metropolisation ; économic stakes (challenges) and social stakes which touch even the most intimate part of societies : identity, citizenship, that is to say the Mediterranean and Arab classic citadinity.

Quand l'aéroport devient ville : géographie d'une infrastructure paradoxale

Airports are protean geographical objects characterized by their « accelerated obsolescence » (BANHAM, 1962). Since the 1990s, their final transformation has been structured around a process of functional diversification engendered by new activities, which are sometimes very different from air transport, in order to increase the infrastructures’ profits and profitability in a context of widespread privatization. The world’s largest hub airports are concerned by this evolution, especially the Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle airport, the world’s fourth busiest airport by international passenger traffic. This trend, which has given birth to the operational concept of airport city, as the Anglo-Saxon operators and observers call it, stirs up the geographical curiosity in two ways. Firstly, it questions the primary function of airports, which become unidentified spatial objects that need to be redefined. Secondly, the concept of airport city questions the city itself. Indeed, what makes a city a city on a material (urbanity) and conceptual (“citadinity”) level? Can a space with urban functions be considered as a city? Is the airport city only a functional city? By assessing the geographical relevance of the concept of airport city, this thesis aims at making the concepts of urbanity and “citadinity” operational concepts, so as to compare them with the airport ground. By adjusting the observation scale to the whole airport area, it also replaces the airport at the centre of the geographical study. Thus, the airport is not simply viewed as a terminal. Finally, this thesis aims at understanding the whole airport society’s spatiality (passengers, employees, accompanying people, homeless people…) by assessing the concept of “citadinity".L’aéroport est un objet géographique protéiforme, caractérisé par son « obsolescence accélérée » (BANHAM, 1962). Depuis les années 1990, son ultime mutation s’articule autour d’un processus de diversification fonctionnelle engendré par l’injection d’activités nouvelles, parfois éloignées du transport aérien, dans l’objectif d’accroître les profits et la rentabilité de l’infrastructure dans un contexte de privatisation généralisée. Cette évolution concerne les plus grands hubs mondiaux, notamment Paris-CDG, quatrième aéroport du monde selon le trafic passagers international. Cette tendance, qui a donné naissance au concept opérationnel d’airport city, tel qu’il est désigné par les observateurs et opérateurs anglo-saxons, attise doublement la curiosité géographique. En premier lieu, parce qu’elle interroge la fonction première de l’infrastructure de transport qu’est l’aéroport, qui devient alors un objet spatial non identifié qu’il convient de redéfinir. En second lieu, parce que cette désignation d’airport city, traduite par les opérateurs francophones par ville aéroportuaire, interroge la ville et surtout ce qui fait la ville dans ses dimensions matérielle et idéelle, c’est-à-dire l’urbanité et la citadinité. Suffit-il d’injecter des fonctions urbaines dans un espace pour en faire de la ville ? La ville aéroportuaire n’est-elle qu’une ville fonctionnelle ? En s’efforçant d’évaluer la pertinence géographique de la notion d’airport city, cette thèse impose de faire de l’urbanité et de la citadinité des concepts opératoires afin de les confronter au terrain aéroportuaire. Elle s’efforce également de replacer l’aéroport au centre de l’étude géographique en proposant un ajustement de l’échelle d’observation à l’ensemble de la zone aéroportuaire, évitant ainsi la synecdoque particularisante réduisant l’aéroport au terminal. Dans l’évaluation de la citadinité, elle a également pour objectif de saisir les spatialités de l’ensemble de la société aéroportuaire (passagers, employés, accompagnants, SDF, etc.)

Amour, honte et prestige au Caire

RésuméLa fréquence de la thématique du déclin (de l’amour à la honte) dans les discours des musiciens de mariage au Caire révèle une forte aspiration à la reconnaissance sociale et à la respectabilité. Cela renvoie à leur condition sociale, source d’un malaise partagé au sein de la profession. Soupçonnés de façon récurrente de déviance morale, ils font l’objet d’une mise à distance sociale qui s’ajoute à la spécificité de leur mode de vie. Surtout, les pratiques professionnelles de la musique entraînent des situations d’extranéités par rapport aux mondes urbains dans lesquels les artistes interviennent. Étrangers au quartier, à la famille, au public, ils pénètrent pourtant au cœur de l’intimité des lieux à l’occasion de moments forts de la vie sociale. Cette présence est ambivalente: ils sont, au sein d’un espace approprié et privatisé, source de subjectivation en même temps que facteur de troubles potentiels. C’est là l’apparent paradoxe de leur marginalité: elle est une figure de l’éloignement au cœur de la société citadine. En cela, ils représentent un emblème de la condition citadine.AbstractIn the talk of Cairo musicians who play for marriages, the frequency of the theme of a descent from love to shame is evidence of a longing for social recognition and respectability that contrasts with their status, which is associated with a feeling of discomfort shared within the profession. Recurrently suspected of moral deviancy, these musicians are held at a social distance, a factor reinforcing their different lifestyle. The professional practice of music leads to situations that are alien to the urban circles where musicians perform. Although they are outsiders not belonging to the neighborhood, family or public, these musicians gain access to the intimacy of private places on major social occasions. This presence is ambivalent. In an « appropriated », « privatized » space, musicians are both a source of « subjectivation » and a potential source of trouble. The apparent paradox of their marginal status corresponds to an estrangement in urban society. In this respect, they are an emblem of urban living conditions

The Empty Locus of Power: Production of Political Urbanism in Modern Tehran

Is there a connection between power struggles and urban context? How the urban space used for the symbolic manifestation of power and social control? How urban space becomes the site of conflict and resistance? How urban nodes like squares became political apparatus in social demonstrations and revolutions? How do specific squares become symbols of revolutions? This thesis investigated these questions by viewing the city as a place formed by politics, which built upon the central concept of Meydan (Public Square), as the “political order in the ideogram of the city”. Focusing on public squares, it traces their sociopolitical transformations as well as their role in instigating social transformations through examples that span from the pre-modern times to the present. As the embodiment of the square in the image of the city, the historical, social and theological concept of Meydan- a term, which has mostly applied, for Iranian public squares has been studied. The Empty Locus of Power rereads squares as peculiar urban forms and representations of political ideas, when the squares of the city has become the stage for the process of politicizing, de-politicizing or neutralizing space. This thesis tries to analyze the square beyond an architectural element in the city, but weaves this blank slate, with its contemporary socio political atmosphere as a new paradigm. This interpretation, suggested the idea of Meydan as the core of the projects on the city, which historically exposed in formalization of theological ideologies. Regarding this issue, urban space of traditional Iranian cities introduced as the medium through which theological ideologies and political sovereignty took place. In pursuing such analyses, this research engages with issues ranging from details of political histories of the case studies in public squares to the master plan of the city of VIII Tehran. During the recent century, various political events and social demonstrations have been staged in Tehran as Middle Eastern Capital, which emphasize the further discussions for analyzing the relationship between socio-political dimensions of city and its urban projects that ultimately led to occupy the city and reclaim the public spaces in Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979. In this sense, analyzing the major political events in modern Tehran as a city loaded with politics will lead to trace the processes of its spatial transformation. In this regard, the thesis examines the relationship between affordances of public spaces, their histories, and the emergence of social events and movements. Building on this theoretical framework, this thesis stresses on the transformative dynamism of autocratic modernization, which motivate or shape a creative tension in the form of the city. The emergence of representative pseudo political public space for demonstration of power and national identity during the First Pahlavi Era (1925-41), reoccupation of public spaces by social movements and political parties during the nationalization of Iranian oil movement till 1953 Iranian coup d'état will be the second part and socio- political arrangement of capital as ‘Metropolis of Tomorrow’ and its urban transformation during the second Pahlavi Era (1941-79) till Islamic Revolution have been examined. Analysis suggests that spatial transformations and modernization politics have led to or facilitated (directly or indirectly and, or inadvertently) political changes. Building on the foundation of knowledge established in this research, the final part of research focuses on the centrality of squares in recent social protests. Using Middle East sociologist, Asef Bayat’s theory of ‘Spatialities of discontent’, the final chapter explores the spatial dimension of political spaces of the city and aims to theorize the necessity of urban social movements to approach democratic space in a global context