Geriatric oncology: problems with under-treatment within this population

We are currently faced with an aging population, which is rapidly growing worldwide. Two thirds of cancer occurs in the over 65-year age group. Societal conceptions from the past have created ageist stereotypes; old age is associated with frailty and the elderly are perceived to be destined for deterioration and loss of independence. Cancer within the elderly is also subject to these stereotypes, with elderly cancer patients considered by some not as likely to recover as younger patients with cancer. We summarise and review the current concerns regarding elderly management and treatments utilised for the management of oncological disease in the elderly, and discuss the impact of under-treatment within this population

Role of hilar mossy cells in the CA3-dentate gyrus network during sharp wave-ripple activity in vitro

Der Gyrus dentatus (DG) des Hippokampus wird als Eingangsstation für Informationen aus dem entorhinalen Kortex betrachtet. In das DG-Netzwerk sind zwei exzitatorische Zelltypen eingebettet: Körnerzellen, die Signale von dem entorhinalen Kortex empfangen, und Hilus-Mooszellen (MCs), die Signale von Körnerzellen als auch von feedback-Projektionen von CA3-Pyramidenzellen (PCs) empfangen. Postsynaptische Ziele von MC-Projektionen umfassen DG Körnerzellen und verschiedene Interneurone in der selben und in der kontralateralen Hemisphäre des Gehirns. Die Rolle von MCs während rhythmischer Populationsaktivität, und insbesondere während Sharp-Wave / Ripple-Komplexen (SWRs), ist bisher weitgehend unerforscht. SWRs sind prominente Ereignisse im Hippocampus während des Tiefschlafs (Slow wave sleep) und des ruhigen Wachzustandes, und sie sind an der Gedächtniskonsolidierung beteiligt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit, untersuchen wir mithilfe eines in-vitro-Modells von SWRs, inwieweit Mooszellen an SWRs in CA3 beteiligt sind. Mit CA3-Feldpotential-Ableitungen und gleichzeitigen ‚cell-attached‘ Messungen von einzelnen MCs konnten wir beobachten, dass ein wesentlicher Anteil von MCs (47%) während der SWRs in das aktive neuronale Netzwerk rekrutiert werden. Darüber hinaus fanden wir in MCs SWR-assoziierte synaptische Aktivität, bei denen sowohl die exzitatorischen als auch die inhibitorischen Komponenten phasenkohärent und verzögert zur Ripple Oszillation in CA3 auftreten. Simultane Patch-clamp Messungen von CA3-Pyramidenzellen und MCs zeigten längere exzitatorische und inhibitorische Latenzzeiten bei MCs, was die Hypothese einer von CA3 ausgehenden Feedback-Rekrutierung unterstützt. Unsere Daten zeigen zusätzlich, dass das Verhältnis exzitatorischer zu inhibitorischer Aktivität in MCs höher ist als in CA3-Pyramidenzellen, wodurch die MCs mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit während SWRs überschwellig aktiviert werden. Schließlich zeigen wir, dass ein signifikanter Anteil (66%) der getesteten Körnerzellen SWR-assoziierte exzitatorische Signale erhalten, im Vergleich zu MCs zeitlich verzögert, was auf eine indirekte Aktivierung von Körnerzellen durch CA3 PCs über MCs hinweist. Zusammengefasst zeigen unsere Daten die aktive Beteiligung von Mooszellen an SWRs und deuten auf eine funktionelle Bedeutung als Schaltstelle für das CA3- Gyrus dentatus Netzwerk in diesem wichtigen physiologischen Netzwerkzustand hin.The dentate gyrus (DG) is considered as the hippocampal input gate for the information arriving from the entorhinal cortex. Embedded into the DG network are two excitatory cell types –granule cells (GCs), which receive inputs from the entorhinal cortex, and hilar mossy cells (MCs), which receive input from GCs and feedback projections from CA3 pyramidal cells (PCs). The postsynaptic targets of MC projections are the GCs and hilar interneurons in both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres of the brain. The role of MCs during rhythmic population activity, and in particular during sharp-wave/ripple complexes (SWRs), has remained largely unexplored. SWRs are prominent field events in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep and quiet wakefulness, and are involved in memory consolidation and future planning. In this study, we sought to understand whether MCs participate during CA3 SWRs using an in vitro model of SWRs. With simultaneous CA3 field potential– and cell-attached recordings from MCs, we observed that a significant fraction of MCs (47%) are recruited into the active neuronal network during SWRs. Moreover, MCs receive pronounced, compound, ripple-associated synaptic input where both excitatory and inhibitory components are phase-coherent with and delayed to the CA3 ripple. Simultaneous patch recordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons and MCs revealed longer excitatory and inhibitory latencies in MCs, supporting a feedback recruitment from CA3. Our data also show that the excitatory to inhibitory charge transfer (E/I) ratio in MCs is higher than in the CA3 PCs, making the MCs more likely to spike during SWRs. Finally, we demonstrate that a significant fraction (66%) of tested GCs receive SWR-associated excitatory inputs that are delayed compared to MCs, indicating an indirect activation of GCs by CA3 PCs via MCs. Together, our data suggest the involvement of mossy cells during SWRs and their importance as a relay for CA3-dentate gyrus networks in this important physiological network state

Programmes to Protect the Hungry: Lessons from India

Evidence on calorie intake and nutritional outcomes establishes that chronic hunger and food insecurity persist today on a mass scale in India. The liberalization-induced policy of narrow targeting of the Public Distribution System (PDS), a programme of food security that provides a minimum quantity of cereals at subsidized prices, has resulted in worsening food insecurity. Recent evidence from the 61st round of the National Sample Survey in 2004-2005 establishes that targeting has led to high rates of exclusion of needy households from the system and clear deterioration of coverage in States like Kerala where the universal PDS was most effective.food security, targeting errors, India, liberalization, public distribution

Impact of demographic factors on employee engagement:a study with reference to vasan publications private limited,chennai

Employee plays a vital role in each and every organization; the interest of employee will help to achieve the organization’s objectives. Successful employee engagement strategy creates a community at a work place and not just a work force. When the employees are effectively and positively engaged with their organization, they form an emotional connection with the company. This effects their attitude towards both their colleagues and the company’s client and improves customer satisfaction and services levels. Employee Engagement Surveys have gained importance among the companies and in this work the researcher has studied the impact of Demographic Variables on Employee Engagement The researcher adopted descriptive research and the data is collected from the employee through convenience sampling method with the help of personally administrated questionnaire containing close ended questions and the sample size is 50. This data was analyzed and classified with the help of statistical tools and the findings and suggestion are extracted from the same

A Laminar Cortical Model for 3D Perception of Slanted and Curved Surfaces and of 2D Images: Developement, attention, and Bistability

A model of laminar visual cortical dynamics proposes how 3D boundary and surface representations of slated and curved 3D objects and 2D images arise. The 3D boundary representations emerge from interactions between non-classical horizontal receptive field interactions with intracorticcal and intercortical feedback circuits. Such non-classical interactions contextually disambiguate classical receptive field responses to ambiguous visual cues using cells that are sensitive to angles and disparity gradients with cortical areas V1 and V2. These cells are all variants of bipole grouping cells. Model simulations show how horizontal connections can develop selectively to angles, how slanted surfaces can activate 3D boundary representations that are sensitive to angles and disparity gradients, how 3D filling-in occurs across slanted surfaces, how a 2D Necker cube image can be represented in 3D, and how bistable Necker cuber percepts occur. The model also explains data about slant aftereffects and 3D neon color spreading. It shows how habituative transmitters that help to control developement also help to trigger bistable 3D percepts and slant aftereffects, and how attention can influence which of these percepts is perceived by propogating along some object boundaries.Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-01-1-0397, F49620-98-1-0108); Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Office of Naval Research (N0014-95-1-0409, N00014-01-1-0624, N00014-95-1-0657); National Science Foundation (IIS-97-20333

Counterfactual Risk Minimization: Learning from Logged Bandit Feedback

We develop a learning principle and an efficient algorithm for batch learning from logged bandit feedback. This learning setting is ubiquitous in online systems (e.g., ad placement, web search, recommendation), where an algorithm makes a prediction (e.g., ad ranking) for a given input (e.g., query) and observes bandit feedback (e.g., user clicks on presented ads). We first address the counterfactual nature of the learning problem through propensity scoring. Next, we prove generalization error bounds that account for the variance of the propensity-weighted empirical risk estimator. These constructive bounds give rise to the Counterfactual Risk Minimization (CRM) principle. We show how CRM can be used to derive a new learning method -- called Policy Optimizer for Exponential Models (POEM) -- for learning stochastic linear rules for structured output prediction. We present a decomposition of the POEM objective that enables efficient stochastic gradient optimization. POEM is evaluated on several multi-label classification problems showing substantially improved robustness and generalization performance compared to the state-of-the-art.Comment: 10 page