RISK MANAGEMENT IN E-BANKING SECTOR – AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

E-banking or internet banking refers to systems that enable bank customers to access accounts and information on bank products and services through a personnel computer or other intelligent device. Information technology is the key drivers of information age. It is highly cost effective channel for delivery of banking services; it is not free from the risks. A part from cost of reduction in cost of transactions internet banking also brought about a new set of risks that too in new forms. Regulators and supervisors all over the world are aware of different types of risks in internet banking. An important and distinctive feature of internet banking is that here technology plays a significant role as a source of tool for control of risks. Because of faster and speedier information technology, there is no finality either in the type of risks or measures to control them

Electronic Journals : Access and Delivery Models

Several factors have been successfully pushing the conservative science publishers to accept the transition to e-journals. Some of the influancing factors are, the conveniences of web for access and browsing, the economics of Internet for delivery, the digital library revolution etc. The paper discusses the technological history of E-journals, access models, archiving, pricing and other several issues

CO-CULTURE OF BONE MARROW STROMAL CELLS AND CHONDROCYTES FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING: MICROARRAY STUDY OF CHONDROCYTE SECRETED FACTORS

Tissue engineering refers to the assembly of biomaterials, cells and signaling molecules to develop functional tissues based on strategies derived from developmental processes. Cells play a crucial role, in that they can secrete a library of molecules, not entirely characterized in the laboratory, and yet provide repeatable results during in vitro experiments. Under conditions of co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells, the underlying biology of chondrocytes can elucidate the signal expression during the early bone development process called endochondral ossification. This interaction is tightly regulated in chondrocytes and results in the recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts. We executed a co-culture system, to observe the potential of alginate encapsulated bovine articular cartilage chondrocytes to induce osteogenic differentiation of bovine bone marrow stromal cells and to observe the interaction on a global scale by making use of the microarray platform. We identified certain genes expressed by chondrocytes that show substantial activity in co-culture systems such as versican (VCAN), secreted frizzled related protein 1 (SFRP1), matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13), extracellular matrix protein 1 ( ECM1) and collagen type 1 ( Col1A1, Col1A2)

GMOSS: All-sky model of spectral radio brightness based on physical components and associated radiative processes

We present Global MOdel for the radio Sky Spectrum (GMOSS) -- a novel, physically motivated model of the low-frequency radio sky from 22 MHz to 23 GHz. GMOSS invokes different physical components and associated radiative processes to describe the sky spectrum over 3072 pixels of $5^{\circ}$ resolution. The spectra are allowed to be convex, concave or of more complex form with contributions from synchrotron emission, thermal emission and free-free absorption included. Physical parameters that describe the model are optimized to best fit four all-sky maps at 150 MHz, 408 MHz, 1420 MHz and 23 GHz and two maps at 22 MHz and 45 MHz generated using the Global Sky Model of de Oliveira-Costa et al. (2008). The fractional deviation of model to data has a median value of $6\%$ and is less than $17\%$ for $99\%$ of the pixels. Though aimed at modeling of foregrounds for the global signal arising from the redshifted 21-cm line of Hydrogen during Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization (EoR) - over redshifts $150\lesssim z \lesssim 6$, GMOSS is well suited for any application that requires simulating spectra of the low-frequency radio sky as would be observed by the beam of any instrument. The complexity in spectral structure that naturally arises from the underlying physics of the model provides a useful expectation for departures from smoothness in EoR foreground spectra and hence may guide the development of algorithms for EoR signal detection. This aspect is further explored in a subsequent paper.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure

On the detection of spectral ripples from the Recombination Epoch

Photons emitted during the epochs of Hydrogen ($500 \lesssim z \lesssim 1600$) and Helium recombination ($1600 \lesssim z \lesssim 3500$ for HeII $\rightarrow$ HeI, $5000 \lesssim z \lesssim 8000$ for HeIII $\rightarrow$ HeII) are predicted to appear as broad, weak spectral distortions of the Cosmic Microwave Background. We present a feasibility study for a ground-based experimental detection of these recombination lines, which would provide an observational constraint on the thermal ionization history of the Universe, uniquely probing astrophysical cosmology beyond the last scattering surface. We find that an octave band in the 2--6 GHz window is optimal for such an experiment, both maximizing signal-to-noise ratio and including sufficient line spectral structure. At these frequencies the predicted signal appears as an additive quasi-sinusoidal component with amplitude about $8$ nK that is embedded in a sky spectrum some nine orders of magnitude brighter. We discuss an algorithm to detect these tiny spectral fluctuations in the sky spectrum by foreground modeling. We introduce a \textit{Maximally Smooth} function capable of describing the foreground spectrum and distinguishing the signal of interest. With Bayesian statistical tests and mock data we estimate that a detection of the predicted distortions is possible with 90\% confidence by observing for 255 days with an array of 128 radiometers using cryogenically cooled state-of-the-art receivers. We conclude that detection is in principle feasible in realistic observing times; we propose APSERa---Array of Precision Spectrometers for the Epoch of Recombination---a dedicated radio telescope to detect these recombination lines.Comment: 33 pages, 16 figures, submitted to ApJ, comments welcom