Using Sociolinguistics and Literary Studies to Understand Code-Switching within Works by Louise Erdrich

There exists a multitude of definitions and concepts that describe the movement between and from one linguistic code to the next, commonly referred to as code-switching. Each definition given differs not only between fields of research but also within said fields of research, making it incredibly difficult to create one unified definition for code-switching. The two most popular fields of research that have extensively studied code-switching are sociolinguistics and literature/literary studies, with both fields having basic tenets of study that create different nuances in how code-switching is described by researchers in each respective field of study. One of the key differences between how both fields of study define code-switching is that literature/literary studies attempt to show mental representations of linguistic purpose in code-switching, meaning that the speaker’s intent is centered within literary conversations as opposed to sociolinguistic conversations. This proposed difference is used to examine how indigenous writers, like Louise Erdrich, use literature to display the purpose behind their code-switching and other linguistic choices. This paper primarily explores how Erdrich’s use of the Ojibwe language displays the evolving purpose behind her code-switching within three of her major works: Love Medicine, The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse, and The Plague of Doves. By using a literary understanding to explore Erdrich’s use of code-switching, it becomes clear how Erdrich enacts linguistic agency within said works to provide a deeper meaning to her linguistic choices and her overall narratives

Errata Corrige on “Modeling and Computing Ternary Projective Relations Between Regions”

We report a corrected version of the algorithms to compute ternary projective relations between regions appeared in E. Clementini and R. Billen, "Modeling and computing ternary projective relations between regions," IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 18, pp. 799-814, 2006.Peer reviewe

Morphometric and meristic characteristics of poor cod, Trisopterus minutus (L. 1758), from the eastern central Adriatic Sea

Background and Purpose: Poor cod, Trisopterus minutus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a gadoid fish, which inhabits the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic. The aim of present work was to investigate the morphological properties of poor cod in the eastern central Adriatic Sea by analyzing classical morphometric and meristic characteristics, and thereby investigating: a) whether there are morphological differences between males and females; b) the existence of possible homogenous or heterogeneous stock morphology; and c) the changes in morphometric characteristics with increase in body length.Material and methods: Samples of 410 poor cod specimens (209 females, 201 males) were collected by bottom-trawl between 2014 and 2016 from five localities in the eastern central Adriatic Sea. In order to analyze biometry of the species; fifteen morphometric and eight meristic characteristics were measured.Results and Conclusions: Total length of all specimens ranged from 8.8 to 27.1 cm. Morphological differences between males and females was not marked. Biometric analysis of the morphometric and meristic characteristics indicated a homogenous morphology stock of Trisopterus minutus in the Adriatic Sea. Changes in some morphometric characteristics obtained in conjunction with an increase in body length showed that smaller specimens have a longer head, eye diameter, ventral fins and second anal fins than adult specimens. The negative correlation recorded for the maximum and minimum body depth indicated that the body elongated with poor cod growth. Comparison of the meristic characteristics that were published earlier show some differences between the poor cod populations inhabiting the Adriatic, Black Sea and eastern Atlantic.</p

systemc based electronic system level design space exploration environment for dedicated heterogeneous multi processor systems

Abstract This work faces the problem of the Electronic System-Level (ESL) HW/SW co-design of dedicated electronic digital systems based on heterogeneous multi-processor architectures. In particular, the work presents a prototype SystemC-based environment that exploits a Design Space Exploration (DSE) approach able to suggest an HW/SW partitioning of the system specification and a mapping onto an automatically defined architecture. The descriptions of the reference HW/SW co-design methodology and the main design issues related to the developed DSE SW tools, supported by two reference use cases that allows to understand the role of the DSE step in the whole design flow, represent the core of the paper

Sustainable rural development in Serbia - relationship between population dynamicss and environment

In this paper the relationship between populatiOn and the environment, and their influence on rural sustainability in Serbia, using quantitative typology of rural areas will be examined. The typology is based on the net relative change of population in rural areas in Serbia, according to the difference between the number of inhabitants at the end of the studied period (2011) and a hypothetical population that each rural settlement would have if the population in base year (1961) was changed proportionally to the change of total rural population. Research results indicate types of population dynamics of rural areas with different scale and intensity of environmental degradation: progressive type with favorable human and economic potentials, strong urban influence and huge environmental transformation; stagnant type with advanced agricultural and demographic dimension which imposed pressures to the natural environment; regressive type with heterogeneous demographic, social and economic features, and different impacts on natural and social environment, and dominant regressive type of rural areas highly characterised by the deficient in human and economic potential and preserved natural resources. Based on analysed rural particularities it can be concluded that the different human, environmental and economic potentials and obstacles of determined types of rural areas should be the starting point in defining appropriate sustainable strategies and development directions

Active immunization against alpha-synuclein ameliorates the degenerative pathology and prevents demyelination in a model of multiple system atrophy.

BackgroundMultiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by parkinsonism, ataxia and dysautonomia. Histopathologically, the hallmark of MSA is the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) within oligodendroglial cells, leading to neuroinflammation, demyelination and neuronal death. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatment for MSA. In this sense, we have previously shown that next-generation active vaccination technology with short peptides, AFFITOPEs®, was effective in two transgenic models of synucleinopathies at reducing behavioral deficits, α-syn accumulation and inflammation.ResultsIn this manuscript, we used the most effective AFFITOPE® (AFF 1) for immunizing MBP-α-syn transgenic mice, a model of MSA that expresses α-syn in oligodendrocytes. Vaccination with AFF 1 resulted in the production of specific anti-α-syn antibodies that crossed into the central nervous system and recognized α-syn aggregates within glial cells. Active vaccination with AFF 1 resulted in decreased accumulation of α-syn, reduced demyelination in neocortex, striatum and corpus callosum, and reduced neurodegeneration. Clearance of α-syn involved activation of microglia and reduced spreading of α-syn to astroglial cells.ConclusionsThis study further validates the efficacy of vaccination with AFFITOPEs® for ameliorating the neurodegenerative pathology in synucleinopathies

Electrical Properties of Phosphate Glasses

Investigation of the electrical properties of phosphate glasses where transition metal oxide such as iron oxide is the network former and network modifier is presented. Phosphate glasses containing iron are electronically conducting glasses where the polaronic conduction is due to the electron hopping from low to high iron valence state. The identification of structural defects caused by ion/polaron migration, the analysis of dipolar states and electrical conductivity in iron phosphate glasses containing various alkali and mixed alkali ions was performed on the basis of the impedance spectroscopy (IS). The changes in electrical conductivity from as-quenched phosphate glass to fully crystallized glass (glass-ceramics) by IS are analyzed. A change in the characteristic features of IS follows the changes in glass and crystallized glass network. Using IS, the contribution of glass matrix, crystallized grains and grain boundary to the total electrical conductivity for iron phosphate glasses was analyzed. It was shown that decrease in conductivity is caused by discontinuities in the conduction pathways as a result of the disruption of crystalline network where two or more crystalline phases are formed. Also, phosphate-based glasses offer a unique range of biomaterials, as they form direct chemical bonding with hard/soft tissue. The surface charges of bioactive glasses are recognized to be the most important factors in determining biological responses. The improved bioactivity of the bioactive glasses as a result of the effects of the surface charges generated by electrical polarization is discussed

Intra-Vacuolar Proliferation of F. Novicida within H. Vermiformis

Francisella tularensis is a gram negative facultative intracellular bacterium that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. Free-living amebae, such as Acanthamoeba and Hartmannella, are environmental hosts of several intracellular pathogens. Epidemiology of F. tularensis in various parts of the world is associated with water-borne transmission, which includes mosquitoes and amebae as the potential host reservoirs of the bacteria in water resources. In vitro studies showed intracellular replication of F. tularensis within A. castellanii cells. Whether ameba is a biological reservoir for Francisella in the environment is not known. We used Hartmannella vermiformis as an amebal model system to study the intracellular life of F. novicida. For the first time we show that F. novicida survives and replicates within H. vermiformis. The iglC mutant strain of F. novicida is defective for survival and replication not only within A. castellanii but also in H. vermiformis cells. In contrast to mammalian cells, where bacteria replicate in the cytosol, F. novicida resides and replicates within membrane-bound vacuoles within the trophozoites of H. vermiformis. In contrast to the transient residence of F. novicida within acidic vacuoles prior to escaping to the cytosol of mammalian cells, F. novicida does not reside transiently or permanently in an acidic compartment within H. vermiformis when examined 30 min after initiation of the infection. We conclude that F. tularensis does not replicate within acidified vacuoles and does not escape into the cytosol of H. vermiformis. The Francisella pathogenicity island locus iglC is essential for intra-vacuolar proliferation of F. novicida within H. vermiformis. Our data show a distinct intracellular lifestyle for F. novicida within H. vermiformis compared to mammalian cells