Developing a framework for prevention of childhood burn in a low-income country perspective : epidemiological appraisals

Childhood burn is a major issue in children's health in Bangladesh however it was not studies and documented systematically earlier. A comprehensive prevention programme is necessary to address this child health issue. Designing a community based prevention programme with adequate information about epidemiology, risk factors, social, cultural and economic factors and people's perception about the problem is necessary. This thesis attempted to determine the epidemiological features, the social and economic consequences and risk factors of childhood burn. It also explored the health seeking behaviour of parents and people's perception concerning burn and the issue of prevention. Six studies were carried out in this dissertation, four of which included a qualitative study using the data of the Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey (BHIS). A nested case control study was conducted by using the existing injury surveillance system of Centre for Injury Prevention and Research Bangladesh. Finally a framework for a childhood burn prevention programme for rural Bangladesh was designed based on the findings of both quantitative and qualitative studies. The first study enabled us to calculate the incidence of childhood burn and it's relation with age, sex and place of residence. The incidence of burn among children less than 18 years was 288,1 per 100,000 children with the highest rate among the 1 to 4 years age group at 782.1 per 100,000 children. This study also revealed the place of occurrence, time and cause of childhood burn in Bangladesh. The second study enabled us to learn social and economic consequences of childhood burn. It explored the hospitalization rate, hospital stay, workdays lost/scholl days lost and permanent disability due to childhood burn injury. The rate of permanent disability was found to be 5.7 per 100,000 population year. The average direct expenditure incurred by a family for treatment of severe burn was determined to be USD462 which was more than their annual income. The third study illustrated how the parents seek health care for their children after a burn injury and how health seeking behaviour varies with the economic condition of the family, parents' education, family size, birth order of children and gender of the children. About 60% of parents seek health care from unqualified service providers for their children during a childhood burn injury. The fourth study determined the relationsships of childhood burn with the type of cooking area at home, use of traditional kerosene lamp and type of family. Children were at significantly higher risk of burn in families who did not have a separate kitchen in their home. The fifth study looked into people's beliefs, emotions and judgements about childhood burn injuries, people's perception about place, time and cause and prevention of childhood burn. Finally, the sixth study provided a framework for a childhood burn prevention programme for rural Bangladesh. In conclusion the thesis illustrated the high incidence of childhood burn in Bangladesh. The thesis demonstrated consequences, risk factors and characteristics of childhood burn. It explored the health seeking behaviour of parents and people's perception about child burn and its preventive issues. Finally considering all this information a frame-work for childhood burn prevention programme was developed for rural Bangladesh, which can be replicated in countries with similar socio-cultural conditions

Mockingbird: Defending Against Deep-Learning-Based Website Fingerprinting Attacks with Adversarial Traces

Website Fingerprinting (WF) is a type of traffic analysis attack that enables a local passive eavesdropper to infer the victim's activity, even when the traffic is protected by a VPN or an anonymity system like Tor. Leveraging a deep-learning classifier, a WF attacker can gain over 98% accuracy on Tor traffic. In this paper, we explore a novel defense, Mockingbird, based on the idea of adversarial examples that have been shown to undermine machine-learning classifiers in other domains. Since the attacker gets to design and train his attack classifier based on the defense, we first demonstrate that at a straightforward technique for generating adversarial-example based traces fails to protect against an attacker using adversarial training for robust classification. We then propose Mockingbird, a technique for generating traces that resists adversarial training by moving randomly in the space of viable traces and not following more predictable gradients. The technique drops the accuracy of the state-of-the-art attack hardened with adversarial training from 98% to 42-58% while incurring only 58% bandwidth overhead. The attack accuracy is generally lower than state-of-the-art defenses, and much lower when considering Top-2 accuracy, while incurring lower bandwidth overheads.Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures and 8 Tables. Accepted in IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (TIFS

Alam Semesta dalam Paradigma Islam

Alam semesta itu fana. Pengertian  alam semesta adalah ruang  di mana kehidupan biotik dan abiotik berada, serta semua fenomena alam, yang mungkin atau tidak mungkin diungkapkan oleh manusia.  Ada penciptaan, ada penciptaan dan akhirnya kehancuran. Diantaranya adalah penciptaan manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya. Juga, ribuan, jika bukan jutaan, proses fisik, kimia, biologi, dll. tidak diketahui. Faktanya, semua peristiwa di dunia ini telah terjadi dan peristiwa-peristiwa itu mengikuti semua rencana dan konsep yang diberikan dalam Al-Qur'an. Gambaran yang jelas adalah bahwa semua proses dunia mengikuti dan mengikuti apa pun yang ada di dalam Al-Qur'an, apakah orang mengetahui rahasianya atau tidak

Pentingnya Pendidikan Islam bagi Pesera Didik di Abad Ke-21

The development of education is currently increasingly complex and education currently has an important role for students. This development will affect Islamic education, especially for students in the 21st century. Advances in technology, integration of technology will have an impact on the modernization of Islamic education which will be implemented according to the needs of the times. This study aims to determine the importance of Islamic education in the 21st century as well as to provide solutions to the problems that occur. The research method used in this research is based on literature studies using descriptive-analytic research type. The importance of Islamic education for students is deemed necessary to get attention at this time to get answers to the goals to be achieved so that it will create superior and highly competitive students according to creating creative and innovative characters in developments in the 21st century

Aspek Peningkatan Manajemen Pendidikan Agama Islam

Sekolah adalah lembaga pendidikan tempat mendidik siswa tentang ilmu pengetahuan umum dan keagamaan. Proses belajar mengajar pada dasarnya merupakan serangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan siswa dengan guru untuk mencapai tujuan yang diharapkan. Akan tetapi yang paling inti di dalamnya adalah tentang manajemennya. Keberhasilan manajemen akan menjadi barometer keberhasilan pendidikan sendiri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan manajemen pendidikan Islam. Hasil dalam penelitian ini bahwa proses manajemen merupakan aktivitas yang melingkar, mulai dari perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan, sampai dengan pengawasan. Manajemen dalam pendidikan itu sangat penting, terutama dalam lembaga pendidikan Islam. Lembaga pendidikan Islam harus mampu menciptakan bagaimana pelaksanaan manajemen pendidikan yang efektif dan efisien. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal, pengelola lembaga pendidikan Islam harus mampu memanfaatkan setiap sumber yang tersedia sesuai dengan perencanaannya

Using Packet Timing Information in Website Fingerprinting

Website Fingerprinting (WF) enables an eavesdropper to discover what sites the user is visiting despite the use of a VPN or even the Tor anonymity system. Recent WF attacks on Tor have reached high enough accuracy (up to 98%) to prompt Tor to consider adopting defenses based on packet padding. Defenses such as Walkie-Talkie mainly remove features related to bursts of traffic without affecting packet timing. This was reasonable given that previous research on WF attacks ignored or deemphasized the use of packet timing information. In this thesis, we examine the extent to which packet timing can be used to facilitate WF attacks. In our experiment, we gained up to 61% accuracy on our unprotected dataset, 54% on our WTF-PAD dataset, and 43% on our Walkie-Talkie dataset using only timing-based features in an SVM classifier. Using a convolutional neural network (CNN), we got 88% accuracy on our unprotected dataset, and 76% and 47% accuracy on ourWTF-PAD and Walkie-Talkie dataset respectively. We intend to investigate further to develop an effective and robust WF attack using packet timing

Application of Mixed Iron Oxides in Subsurface Remediation Technologies

Heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater has been a concern in water supply and public health in many countries where the water supply system draws primarily from groundwater. In the present study, mixed maghemite-magnetite nanoparticles have been used as adsorbents for Cr(VI), As and Cd(II) removal. From the study, it is apparent that the removal of Cr(VI ), Cd(II) and As(V) by mixed iron oxide nanoparticles depends on pH, temperature, contact time, solid/liquid ratio and initial concentration of heavy metals. The results showed that Cr(VI) adsorption on mixed maghemite-magnetite was dependent on solution pH between 3 and 6. Theoretical multiplet analyses in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study showed that during Cr adsorption, the amount of maghemite increased from 70 to 89%. Fe(II) was transformed into Fe(III) by the redox reaction and Cr(VI) species were reduced to Cr(III) species. In arsenic removal study, it was found that the percent of maghemite also increased for As(V) and As(III) adsorption. At the same time, the percentage of magnetite was reduced for both cases. Thus, a redox reaction occurred on the mixed magnetite-magheamite surface when arsenic was introduced. In cadmium removal study, adsorption capacity of mixed maghemite-magnetite for Cd(II) ions increased with an increase in the pH of the adsorbate solution. The results showed that 0.8 g/L of 20-60 nm maghemite-magnetite particles removed up to 1.5 mg/L Cd. The XPS surveys confirmed that As, Cr(VI) and Cd(II) ions may undergo oxidation-reduction reactions upon exposure to mixed maghemite-magnetite, or may be fixed by complexation to the oxygen atoms in the oxyhydroxy groups.The investigation of transport and chemical states analysis during arsenic removal by monolith slag from nickel smelting revealed that slag was efficient in arsenic removal, attaining equilibrium sorption capacities in the range of 1000-1054 µg/g for an initial arsenic concentration of C0= 10 mg/L. Column studies showed the sorption of arsenic by smelter slag (a waste material) was complex and involved both chemisorption and physical sorption. Sorption capacities for As(V) were significantly higher for Ni smelter slag. Raman spectroscopy and XPS results demonstrate that the As reacted with a large proportion of the slag in the experiment. Thus, further investigation would be necessary to evaluate the applicability of mixed iron oxide loaded particles for subsurface remediation at field scale