Attitudes towards abortion and contraception in rural and urban Burkina Faso

Using results from the ethnographic literature and two qualitative studies on people’s representations of different means of birth control (abstinence, contraception, abortion) in two populations in Burkina Faso (one rural and one urban), we designed a multi-dimensional quantitative scale to measure individuals’ attitudes towards varied means of birth control. We applied it in two representative surveys in rural and urban Burkina Faso. Relating individuals’ attitudes towards birth control to their socio-demographic characteristics and to their attitudes towards other life dimensions, and applying N. Elias’ theory of the civilization process, we seek to explain why abortion is less tolerated, while more widely practiced, in the city than in the villages.abortion, abstinence, Africa, attitude(s), Burkina Faso, civilization, contraception, culture, meanings, practices, process, representations, rural, sexuality, social change, urban

Exciton condensates in semiconductor quantum wells emit coherent light

We show that a quasi-two dimensional condensate of optically active excitons emits coherent light even in the absence of population inversion. This allows an unambiguous and clear experimental detection of the condensed phase. We prove that, due to the exciton-photon coupling, quantum and thermal fluctuations do not destroy condensation at finite temperature. Suitable conditions to achieve condensation are temperatures of a few K for typical exciton densities, and the use of a pulsed, and preferably circularly polarized, laser.Comment: 5 pages, no figure

Cotunneling theory of inelastic STM spin spectroscopy

We propose cotunneling as the microscopic mechanism that makes possible inelastic electron spectroscopy of magnetic atoms in surfaces for a wide range of systems, including single magnetic adatoms, molecules and molecular stacks. We describe electronic transport between the scanning tip and the conducting surface through the magnetic system (MS) with a generalized Anderson model, without making use of effective spin models. Transport and spin dynamics are described with an effective cotunneling Hamiltonian in which the correlations in the magnetic system are calculated exactly and the coupling to the electrodes is included up to second order in the tip-MS and MS-substrate. In the adequate limit our approach is equivalent to the phenomenological Kondo exchange model that successfully describe the experiments . We apply our method to study in detail inelastic transport in two systems, stacks of Cobalt Phthalocyanines and a single Mn atom on Cu$_2$N. Our method accounts both, for the large contribution of the inelastic spin exchange events to the conductance and the observed conductance asymmetry.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Mn-doped II-VI quantum dots: artificial molecular magnets

The notion of artifical atom relies on the capability to change the number of carriers one by one in semiconductor quantum dots, and the resulting changes in their electronic structure. Organic molecules with transition metal atoms that have a net magnetic moment and display hysteretic behaviour are known as single molecule magnets (SMM). The fabrication of CdTe quantum dots chemically doped with a controlled number of Mn atoms and with a number of carriers controlled either electrically or optically paves the way towards a new concept in nanomagnetism: the artificial single molecule magnet. Here we study the magnetic properties of a Mn-doped CdTe quantum dot for different charge states and show to what extent they behave like a single molecule magnet.Comment: Conference article presented at QD2006, Chamonix, May 200

Competition between quantum spin tunneling and Kondo effect

Quantum spin tunneling (QST) and Kondo effect are two very different quantum phenomena that produce the same effect on quantized spins, namely, the quenching of their magnetization. However, the nature of this quenching is very different so that QST and Kondo effects compete with each other. Importantly, both QST and Kondo produce very characteristic features in the spectral function that can be measured by means of single spin scanning tunneling spectroscopy that makes it possible to probe the crossover from one regime to the other. We model this crossover, and the resulting changes in transport, using a non-perturbative treatment of a generalized Anderson model including magnetic anisotropy that leads to quantum spin tunneling. We predict that, at zero magnetic field, integer spins can feature a split-Kondo peak driven by quantum spin tunneling.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures; accepted in EPJB; replaced with revised manuscrip

On the origin of magnetic anisotropy in two dimensional CrI3_3

The observation of ferromagnetic order in a monolayer of CrI$_3$ has been recently reported, with a Curie temperature of 45 Kelvin and off-plane easy axis. Here we study the origin of magnetic anisotropy, a necessary ingredient to have magnetic order in two dimensions, combining two levels of modeling, density functional calculations and spin model Hamiltonians. We find two different contributions to the magnetic anisotropy of the material, both favoring off-plane magnetization and contributing to open a gap in the spin wave spectrum. First, ferromagnetic super-exchange across the $\simeq$ 90 degree Cr-I-Cr bonds, are anisotropic, due to the spin orbit interaction of the ligand I atoms. Second, a much smaller contribution that comes from the single ion anisotropy of the $S=3/2$ Cr atom. Our results permit to establish the XXZ Hamiltonian, with a very small single ion anisotropy, as the adequate spin model for this system. Using spin wave theory we estimate the Curie temperature and we highlight the essential role played by the gap that magnetic anisotropy induces on the magnon spectrum.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Noncollinear magnetic phases and edge states in graphene quantum Hall bars

Application of a perpendicular magnetic field to charge neutral graphene is expected to result in a variety of broken symmetry phases, including antiferromagnetic, canted and ferromagnetic. All these phases open a gap in bulk but have very different edge states and non-collinear spin order, recently confirmed experimentally. Here we provide an integrated description of both edge and bulk for the various magnetic phases of graphene Hall bars making use of a non-collinear mean field Hubbard model. Our calculations show that, at the edges, the three types of magnetic order are either enhanced (zigzag) or suppressed (armchair). Interestingly, we find that preformed local moments in zigzag edges interact with the quantum Spin Hall like edge states of the ferromagnetic phase and can induce back-scattering.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Magnetism in graphene nano-islands

We study the magnetic properties of nanometer-sized graphene structures with triangular and hexagonal shapes terminated by zig-zag edges. We discuss how the shape of the island, the imbalance in the number of atoms belonging to the two graphene sublattices, the existence of zero-energy states, and the total and local magnetic moment are intimately related. We consider electronic interactions both in a mean-field approximation of the one-orbital Hubbard model and with density functional calculations. Both descriptions yield values for the ground state total spin, $S$, consistent with Lieb's theorem for bipartite lattices. Triangles have a finite $S$ for all sizes whereas hexagons have S=0 and develop local moments above a critical size of $\approx 1.5$ nm.Comment: Published versio